La poesía de la revista "Jerarquía". La revista negra de Falange (1936-1938)

El trabajo expuesto a continuación tratará de ofrecer un panorama sobre la poesía desarrollada en la revista falangista Jerarquía, entre los años 1936 y 1938. La revista tuvo un recorrido corto, pero también fue una gran influencia y funcionó, en parte, como aglutinadora de un marco ideológico, estético y filosófico de la Falange. Este marco fue utilizado, en primera instancia, como uno de los lugares en el que confluyeron las ideas e intelectuales afines para la creación de un nuevo fascismo, aunque más bien se trataría de un proyecto falangista, español, con inclinaciones fascistas. Por otro lado, supuso un lugar de justificación, reivindicación y afirmación de la empresa que llevaría a cabo el Movimiento Nacional en la Guerra Civil. Respecto a los poetas e intelectuales que se presentan en la revista, existe gran variedad, tanto de ideas como de autores; unos más influyentes que otros, algunos más polémicos que los demás. Pero, en definitiva, Jerarquía nos ofrece un espacio en el que poder analizar cuál fue el panorama poético en el bando nacional durante la mayor parte de la guerra civil. Los criterios que utilizaré para clasificar los poemas serán los siguientes: el marco generacional de los poetas, las formas métricas de los poemas, la retórica empleada y la temática. Dicho esto, el punto de partida del trabajo consistirá en exponer de forma breve el contexto histórico, que comienza con el inicio del siglo XX, para presentar el panorama que se estaba viviendo en aquellos momentos. En segundo lugar, la función que tuvo la revista del bando nacional durante la Guerra Civil. Tras esta contextualización, pasaré a analizar la estructura de la revista, y de forma paralela, justificaré su contenido en función del imaginario falangista. Finalmente, daré paso al análisis propio de los poemas presentes (poetas y sus generaciones, temática, métrica)

Use of portable devices and confocal Raman spectrometers at different wavelength to obtain the spectral information of the main organic components in tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum) fruits

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit samples, in two ripening stages, ripe (red) and unripe (green), collected from a cultivar in the North of Spain (Barrika, Basque Country), were analyzed directly, without any sample pretreatment, with two different Raman instruments (portable spectrometer coupled to a micro-videocamera and a confocal Raman microscope), using two different laser excitation wavelengths (514 and 785 nm, only for the confocal microscope). The combined use of these laser excitation wavelengths allows obtaining, in a short period of time, the maximum spectral information about the main organic compounds present in this fruit. The major identified components of unripe tomatoes were cutin and cuticular waxes. On the other hand, the main components on ripe tomatoes were carotenes, polyphenoles and polysaccharides. Among the carotenes, it was possible to distinguish the presence of lycopene from b-carotene with the help of both excitation wavelengths, but specially using the 514 nm one, which revealed specific overtones and combination tones of this type of carotene.This work has been financially supported by Research Project S-PE11-UN128 of the Basque Country government. Technical and support provided by SGIker (UPV/EHU, MICINN, GV/EJ, ESF) is gratefully acknowledged

Análisis de los objetivos estratégicos e indicadores de gestión en las entidades sin fines de lucro. Aplicación empírica para el País Vasco

[ES] Los modelos para la gestión de las Entidades Sin Fines de Lucro (ESFL) han dejado de funcionar estos últimos años y precisan de una herramienta que les permita revitalizarse, progresar y hacer frente con rapidez a los cambios estratégicos para seguir aportando valor a la sociedad. La investigación se centra en las ESFL privadas del País Vasco, justificado no sólo por la cercanía, sino por la preocupación e interés de la Comunidad por el tema. El objetivo del trabajo es averiguar si estas entidades tienen establecidos indicadores de gestión para evaluar el logro de los objetivos estratégicos de las perspectivas de su CMI y conocer si sus gestores opinan que los indicadores que proponemos en el estudio son lo suficientemente relevantes como para implantarlos en su organización. Se realiza un estudio empírico que permite conocer la realidad del ámbito de investigación y garantiza la utilidad del trabajo a la sociedad.[EN] Models for the management of Nonprofit Organizations (NPO) have stopped working in recent years, so they require a tool that allows them to revitalize, develop and deal quickly to strategic changes to continue to provide value to the society. The research focuses on private Nonprofit Organizations of the Basque Country, justified not only by proximity, but by the concern and interest of the Community for the subject. The aim of the work is know if these entities establish indicators for proper management of the perspectives in their Balanced Score Card and know if their managers think that the indicators we propose are interesting enough to be established in their organizations. An empirical study is done to find out the reality and current situation in the field of research and guarantee the usefulness of the work to the society

Portable and Raman imaging usefulness to detect decaying on mortars from Punta Begoña Galleries (Getxo, North of Spain)

Punta Begoña Galleries were built in 1918 in Getxo (Basque Country, North of Spain) but were abandoned in 1960. Nowadays, their conservation state is very poor. In this work, portable Raman spectroscopy was applied to evaluate the original composition and possible deterioration products of the mortars used in the inner walls and those covering the concrete of the ceilings allowing us to select the most appropriate sampling points. In the laboratory, Raman microscopy and Raman imaging, assisted with scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM‐EDS), X‐ray diffraction and energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (ED‐XRF) imaging, allowed to identify the key compounds to understand the deterioration processes taking place in the mortars of the galleries. The main components of the mortars from the walls were calcite and gypsum. In some cases, alite (Ca3SiO5) and belite (Ca2SiO4) were identified; these components are characteristic of Portland cement clinker. The main components of the mortar covering the concrete were calcite, quartz, aragonite and gypsum. The aragonite identification confirmed the use of beach sand as the aggregate in the mortar. The concrete from the ceiling of the lower gallery is covered with three different mortar layers; the outermost layer is covered with a black crust. In the three mortars, the main components are similar to those used in the mortar covering the concrete from the upper gallery. Thanks to Raman, ED‐XRF and SEM‐EDS imaging, it was possible to map the distribution of the main components through the three mortar layers and also to identify the presence of dolomite {[CaMg(CO3)2]}, which was not possible to detect following single‐point micro‐Raman analyses.This work has been funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the project DISILICA‐1930 (ref. BIA2014‐59124‐P) and by the cooperation agreement between the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and the City Council of Getxo (OTRI2014‐0639). C. García‐Florentino is grateful to the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), which funded her predoctoral fellowship. Technical support provided by Raman‐LASPEA Laboratory and General X‐ray Service of the SGIKer (UPV/EHU, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain, Basque Government, ERDF and European Social Fund) is also gratefully acknowledged

Nature and origin of white efflorescence on bricks, artificial stones, and joint mortars of modern houses evaluated by portable Raman spectroscopy and laboratory analyses

Bricks and mortar currently constitute one of the most important building materials used in the construction of most modern facades. The deterioration of these materials is caused primarily by the impact of numerous external stressors, while poor manufacturing quality, particularly of mortars, can also contribute to this process. In this work, the non-invasive Raman spectroscopy technique was used to identify the recently formed deterioration compounds (primarily sulfates and nitrates) in bricks, artificial stones, and joint mortars from detached houses in the Bilbao metropolitan area (Basque Country, North of Spain), as well as to investigate the deterioration processes taking place in these materials. Additionally, to confirm and in some cases complement the results obtained with Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDS and XRD measurements were also carried out.This work was financially supported by DEMBUMIES (ref.BIA2011-28148) and funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO). H. Morillas is grateful to the University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) and particularly to the UFI 11-26 Global Change and Heritage, who funded his pre-doctoral fellowship. Technical support provided by the Raman-LASPEA and General X-ray Service: Rocks and Minerals laboratories of SGIker (UPV/EHU, MICINN, GV/EJ, ERDF and ESF) is also gratefully acknowledged

¿Pagamos las bolsas de plástico? trabajando en el aula con los objetivos de la educación ambiental en mente

En esta comunicación se presenta una actividad de Educación Ambiental (EA) llevada a cabo con alumnado de 3º de la Diplomatura de Educación Social, en la que se pretendía trabajar los cinco objetivos de la EA. La actividad ha consistido en la búsqueda de información y toma de decisión, por parte del alumnado, en torno a la imposición de una hipotética tasa a las bolsas de plástico. Los primeros resultados indican que buena parte del alumnado participante cree que ha conocido diferentes aspectos de las bolsas de plástico, que se ha sensibilizado sobre la problemática generada, que se siente más responsable de ésta, que ha trabajado competencias de resolución de problemas y toma de decisión y, finalmente, que ha modificado sus hábitos

Spectroscopic analysis used to uncover the original paint colour of the Helsinki Government Palace tower clock faces

The paint stratigraphy of the two clock faces from the tower clock of the Government Palace in Helsinki (Finland) was analysed in order to determine their original colour before restoration works. Paint cross-section samples from both clock faces were analysed by confocal Raman microscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled to an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDS). The results revealed the complex superimposition of paint layers applied over the original black colour. FTIR/ATR analyses proved that the original paint was prepared with linseed oil-resin media. Most likely not all of the different layer colours were visible. Some of the layers were likely to have been a primer or for rust protection.Peer reviewe

Evaluation of black crust formation and soiling process on historical buildings from the Bilbao metropolitan area (north of Spain) using SEM-EDS and Raman microscopy

In the present work, several building materials suffering from black crusts and soiled surfaces were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The goal was to examine the elemental and molecular composition, the distribution on the samples, and the morphology of endogenous and exogenous compounds on those black crusts and soiled surfaces. The black crusts were deposited over different building materials such as limestone, sandstone, and brick that constitute a small construction called "malacate" as well as over a limestone substrate of a cemetery gate. Both constructions are dated back to the beginning of the twentieth century. The samples of soiling were taken from the façade of a building constructed in the 1980s. The analytical evaluation allowed in a first stage the determination of the composition and the observation of the morphology of soiling and black crusts. In addition, the evaluation of the compositions of the soiling and black crusts of different grade and formation allowed the assessment of the main weathering phenomena that the buildings have suffered, which were found to be sulfate impact, marine aerosol impact, depositions of metallic particles, crustal particulate matter depositions, carbonaceous particles, biodeterioration, and vandalism.This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) through the project DISILICA-1930 (ref. BIA2014-59124-P) and the Regional Development Fund (FEDER). E. Calparsoro is grateful also to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) who funded his pre-doctoral fellowship (ref. BES-2014-068940)

Multianalytical Approach to explain the darkening process of hematite pigment in paintings from ancient Pompeii after accelerated weathering experiments

[EN] In this paper, recently excavated fresco painting fragments from the House of Marcus Lucretius (Pompeii) and not exposed to the atmosphere since the eruption of the Mount Vesuvius were subjected to a controlled SO2 atmosphere and high relative humidity. These experiments were conducted in order to simulate under accelerated conditions the possible deterioration of the hematite pigment and plaster. The mineralogical transformation of the polychromy and plaster was monitored using mainly Raman spectroscopy, a non-destructive technique, but also infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). After different exposure cycles to SO2, it was confirmed that hematite red pigment (Fe2O3) can be reduced into magnetite (Fe3O4), which provides the darkened colour to the pigment. While Fe(III) from hematite is reduced into Fe(II) or mixed Fe(III) and Fe(II), the SO2 can be oxidized (SO3) and hydrated to experience a subsequent wet deposition (H2SO4 aerosol) causing also the transformation of calcite into gypsum. Finally, it was assessed that high concentrations of SO2 can also cause the sulphation of hematite pigment promoting its transformation into paracoquimbite/coquimbite (Fe2(SO4)3$9H2O). Moreover, in some areas of the deteriorated painting fragments, non-expected iron(II) sulphate and sulphite species were also identified