Amortized Rotation Cost in AVL Trees

An AVL tree is the original type of balanced binary search tree. An insertion in an $n$-node AVL tree takes at most two rotations, but a deletion in an $n$-node AVL tree can take $\Theta(\log n)$. A natural question is whether deletions can take many rotations not only in the worst case but in the amortized case as well. A sequence of $n$ successive deletions in an $n$-node tree takes $O(n)$ rotations, but what happens when insertions are intermixed with deletions? Heaupler, Sen, and Tarjan conjectured that alternating insertions and deletions in an $n$-node AVL tree can cause each deletion to do $\Omega(\log n)$ rotations, but they provided no construction to justify their claim. We provide such a construction: we show that, for infinitely many $n$, there is a set $E$ of {\it expensive} $n$-node AVL trees with the property that, given any tree in $E$, deleting a certain leaf and then reinserting it produces a tree in $E$, with the deletion having done $\Theta(\log n)$ rotations. One can do an arbitrary number of such expensive deletion-insertion pairs. The difficulty in obtaining such a construction is that in general the tree produced by an expensive deletion-insertion pair is not the original tree. Indeed, if the trees in $E$ have even height $k$, $2^{k/2}$ deletion-insertion pairs are required to reproduce the original tree

Effect of Iron/Folic Acid Supplementation on the Outcome of Malaria Episodes Treated with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine

Folic acid supplementation may potentially alter the efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) treatment in children with malaria. However, there is lack of evidence fromrandomized controlled trials and effects of folic acid supplementation on clinical efficacy of SP therapy remainmoderately understood among children. In a doublemasked, placebo-controlled trial among preschool children in Pemba Island (Tanzania), iron and folic acid supplementation (Fe/FA) showed an increased risk of hospitalizations and death. In the present paper, we evaluated if folic acid supplementation reduced the efficacy of malaria treatment and thereby contributed to observed adverse effects. During the study, 1648 children had confirmed malarial episodes and received either sulphadoxinepyrimethamine(SP) treatment and iron folic acid or SP treatment and placebo. These children were evaluated for recovery and incidence of hospitalization during the next 15, 30, and 140 days. Two groups did not differ in malarial episode or hospitalization rate on subsequent 15, 30, and 140 days. Altered efficacy of SP by folic acid was not observed and did not contribute to adverse events in the previous trial.This trial is registered with Controlled-trials.com ISRCTN59549825

Enhancement of the Kondo effect through Rashba spin-orbit interactions

We analyze the physics of a one-orbital Anderson impurity model in a two-dimensional electron gas in the presence of Rashba spin-orbit (RSO) interactions in the Kondo regime. The spin SU(2) symmetry breaking results in an effective two-band electron gas coupled to the impurity. The Kondo regime is obtained by a Schrieffer-Wolff transformation revealing the existence of a parity breaking term with the form of the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya (DM) interaction. The DM term vanishes at the particle-hole symmetric point of the system, but it has important effects otherwise. Performing a renormalization group (RG) analysis we find that the model describes a two-channel Kondo system with ferro- and anti-ferromagnetic couplings. Furthermore, the DM term renormalizes the antiferromagnetic Kondo coupling producing an exponential enhancement of the Kondo temperature. We suggest that these effects can be observed in semiconducting systems, as well as in graphene and topological insulators.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure. Final published versio

Menemukan Kembali Kapital Sosial Bangsa Indonesia

As a nation-state, Republic of Indonesia has been having the long history. Come from inequality and plurality of tribes, ethnics, and religions; Indonesia effort to fight against Colonialism. In history, this struggle doesn't success before declared Sumpah Pemuda. All of youth organizations in Indonesia declare a vow that Indonesia is one nation, one language and one motherland. This declares is the first movement toward Indonesian unity. In otherwise, Sumpah Pemuda is basic for the power of social capital of Indonesia. In recent time, to fight against all of nationality problems, we must find the power of social capital again. This article further argues that Indonesia has abstract systems – especially Pancasila – as basic and keeper for social capital of Indonesia

Perimbangan Dana Otonomi Khusus Aceh antara Provinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota

Perimbangan Dana Otonomi Khusus Aceh antara Provinsi dan kabupaten/kota dalam rangka mempercepat pembangunan di Aceh dalam berbagai sektor akan terwujud apabila pengelolaannya sesuai dengan prinsip kesejahteraan rakyat serta mekanisme pengawasan yang sesuai dengan asas kemanfaatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menjelaskan kesesuaian peraturan perimbangan Dana Otonomi Khusus Aceh dengan prinsip kesejahteraan rakyat serta kemanfaatan mekanisme pengawasan pengalokasian Dana Otonomi Khusus Aceh yang dilakukan Pemerintahan Aceh. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif yang ingin mengidentifikasi dari aspek hukumnya. Data yang digunakan terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, dan bahan hukum tersier. Hasil peneltian menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan Dana Otonomi Khusus Aceh belum memenuhi prinsip Negara kesejahteraan, karna pembagiannya lebih besar untuk Provinsi daripada Kabupaten/Kota. Mekanisme pengawasan terhadap pemanfaatan Dana Otonomi Khusus belum menjamin pemenuhan asas kemanfaatan. Belum adanya Peraturan Gubernur Aceh tentang Satuan Kerja Khusus dan tentang kriteria seleksi program serta kurangnya peran pengawasan dari lembaga khusus Aceh sebagai bentuk pengawasan eksternal. The balance of Aceh Special Autonomy Fund between provinces and districts/cities in order to accelerate development in Aceh in various sectors will be achieved if the management is in accordance with the principle of people's welfare and the supervisory of its mechanism is in line with the principle of expediency. This study aims to identify and explain the appropriateness of the regulation on the balance of the Special Autonomy Fund of Aceh with the principle of people's welfare. In addition to that, this study also wants to assess the usefulness of monitoring mechanism for the allocation of the Special Autonomy Fund of Aceh that is conducted by the Government of Aceh. This research is a normative juridical research that wants to identify from its legal aspect. This research uses three kinds of data: they are primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The results of the study indicate that the management of the Aceh Special Autonomy Fund has not yet fulfilled the basic objectives of the welfare state, because the distribution is greater for the province than the districts/cities. The mechanism of supervision over the utilization of the Special Autonomy Fund has not been in accordance with the principle of expediency. The absence of Aceh Governor Regulation on Unit Special Working and selection criteria program and then lack of Role of Supervision from Aceh special Autonomy institutions as a form external controls

Prevalence and risk factors for hypertension and association with ethnicity in Nigeria: results from a national survey.

OBJECTIVE: Non-communicable diseases are now a global priority. We report on the prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors, including ethnicity, in a nationally representative sample of Nigerian adults recruited to a survey of visual impairment. METHODS: multi-stage, stratified, cluster random sample with probability proportional to size procedures was used to obtain a nationally representative sample of 13 591 subjects aged ≥ 40 years. Of these, 13 504 (99.4%) had a blood pressure measurement. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension was 44.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 43.5-46.3% ]. Increasing age, gender, urban residence and body mass index were independent risk factors (p < 0.001). The Kanuri ethnic group had the highest prevalence of hypertension (77.5%, 95% CI: 71.0-84.0%). CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of hypertension in Nigeria is a cause for concern and suggests that it is inevitable that the impact of hypertension-related ill health is imminent, with the accompanying financial and societal costs to families and the state of Nigeria

Uji Stabilitas Sediaan Mikroemulsi Menggunakan Hidrolisat Pati (De 35–40) Sebagai Stabilizer

Various solubilization techniques have been developed to enhance the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. One of the solubilization techniques is preparation of microemulsion. Microemulsion is a potential carrier in drug delivery system because it has many advantageous characteristics. In this research, hydrophobic drug was made in a dosage form of oil in water (O/W) microemulsion using ketoprofen as a model and investigated the influence of adding starch hydrolisates with dextrose equivalent (DE) 35-40 in variety concentrations (0,0%; 1,5%; 2,0%; 2,5%) to the stability of this microemulsion system. This microemulsion consisted of isopropyl miritate as oil phase, tween 80 and lechitin as surfactants, ethanol as cosurfactant, propylene glycol as cosolvent, starch hydrolisates DE 35&Acirc;&ndash;40 as stabilizer, and water as external phase. The evaluation was stability test both phisically and chemically. The result showed that the stability of microemulsion system increased significantly by adding starch hydrolisates DE 35-40 at 2,5%