An avirulent Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strain elicits intestinal IgA and slows down spread of swine dysentery

Swine dysentery caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, results in substantial economic losses in swine producing countries worldwide. Although a number of different vaccine approaches have been explored with regard to this disease, they show limitations and none of them have reached the market. We here determine the vaccine potential of a weakly haemolytic B. hyodysenteriae strain. The virulence of this strain was assessed in experimental infection trials and its protection against swine dysentery was quantified in a vaccination-challenge experiment using a seeder infection model. Systemic IgG production and local IgA production were monitored in serum and faeces respectively. Across all trials, pigs that were colonized by virulent, strongly haemolytic B. hyodysenteriae strains consistently developed swine dysentery, in contrast to none of the pigs colonized by the weakly haemolytic B. hyodysenteriae vaccine strain. In the seeder vaccination trial nearly all immunised animals developed swine dysentery on subsequent challenge with a virulent strain, but the speed of spread of swine dysentery and faecal score were significantly reduced in animals immunised with the weakly haemolytic strain compared to sham-immunised animals. The IgA response of immunised animals upon challenge with a virulent B. hyodysenteriae strain significantly correlated to a later onset of disease. The correlation between local IgA production and protection induced by a weakly haemolytic B. hyodysenteriae strain provides leads for future vaccine development against swine dysentery

Characterisation of the structural heterogeneity of the soil layer by using in situ 2D and 3D electrical resistivity measurements

Introduction Soil structure i. e. the arrangement of soil particles in space (Guérif, 1987) is one important factor of physic quality of soils. In the agricultural context, this structure is modified at several space and time scales by different constraints or processes: tillage, compaction by traffic, natural effects. We need methods to characterize its in situ state. They already exist but they are destructive and time consuming. Recent works (Besson et al., 2004) have shown that a compacte..

Lophelia reefs off North and West Africa–Comparing environment and health

The health status of cold-water coral reefs on the West African coast was investigated with the main objective of obtaining knowledge of the adaptive capacity of Lophelia pertusa to environmental stressors. Three coral sites were studied, in Northern Morocco, in the Morocco/Mauritania region (both in 2020) and, in the Ghana and Ivory coast region (visited in 2012, 2017, and 2019). Area cover of live colonies, explored through underwater videos, was used as an indicator of reef health and compared with the environmental variables: reef position, depth, water mass, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration (DO), carbonate chemistry (pH, aragonite saturation (ΩAr), macronutrients and particles (visual). For a broader picture of the adaptations presented by Lophelia our results were compared with reefs in contrasting environments. Off Ghana and Mauritania healthy reefs (i.e., having areas with more than 20 % cover of live colonies) were found to reside at DO concentrations between 1.1 and 1.6 ml L−1, in corrosive waters (pH 7.7 and ΩAr 1.0) with high nutrient concentrations. By contrast, the reefs off the North of Morocco, sitting in well-oxygenated waters with oversaturated ΩAr, had no or few live colonies. Our findings together with data from other studies show that Lophelia has a wide tolerance to hypoxia and acidification, and that in relation to climate change increased temperature and silting could pose more serious threats. These findings highlight the importance of continued studies of Lophelia reefs in contrasting environmental conditions to better understand their adaptation potential to climate change-related stressors.publishedVersio

ANALISIS INDEKS HARGA KONSUMEN TERHADAP INDEKS HARGA SANDANG DAN PANGAN DI KOTA AMBON

Indeks Harga Konsumen (IHK) merupakan salah satu indikator ekonomi penting yang dapat memberikan informasi mengenai perkembangan harga barang dan jasa (komoditas) yang dibayar oleh konsumen atau masyarakat khususnya masyarakat kota. Perubahan IHK dari waktu ke waktu menunjukkan fluktuasi harga barang dan jasa yang dikonsumsi masyarakat, Inflasi terjadi jika kenaikan dan deflasi jika terjadi penurunan. Gejolak harga barang dan jasa di suatu wilayah sangat berpengaruh terhadap kondisi ekonomi masyarakat setempat. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh Indeks Harga Sandang dan Indeks Harga Pangan terhadap Indeks Harga Konsumen, serta membentuk model regresi linier berganda. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh hasil bahwa faktor Indeks Harga Sandang ( dan Indeks Harga Pangan ( barpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap Indeks Harga Konsumen (Y). Sehingga model persamaan regresi linier berganda yaitu dengan Koefisien Determinasi (R square) sebesar 0,98. yang artinya bahwa 98,6% Indeks Harga Konsumen dipengaruhi oleh faktor Indeks Harga Sandang ( dan Indeks Harga Pangan (dan sisanya 1,4% dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor lainnya. Kata Kunci : Indeks Harga Konsumen, Regresi Linier Bergand

Jet formation and jet velocity fluctuations in a flue organ pipe

Flow visualization of the initial transient in a small recorderlike flue organ pipe is presented and the various stages of the jet formation are related to measurements of the acoustic response of the pipe. An initial acoustic signal, due to the unsteady volume flow of the jet, appears before the forming jet reaches the labium. This signal can easily be modeled using a low-frequency approximation. The initial trajectory of the jet makes a curve towards the exterior of the pipe. Under certain conditions, the jet may even, at first, miss the labium. This effect is related to the steepness of the pressure rise in the foot of the pipe. The initial impact of the jet with the labium appears to be a crucial factor in the triggering of the transient. Moving the labium towards the exterior of the pipe, using a steep pressure rise or putting ears around the mouth increase the chance that the jet will hit the labium. This initial impact is followed by an impulsive vortex shedding at the labium and subsequently a high-frequency varicoselike oscillation is observed on the jet. This oscillation is also observed without labium. After about three periods of the fundamental mode of the pipe, turbulence appears therefore destroying these coherent structures. Whereas the time dependency of the jet velocity dominates the first stage of the starting transient, the jet velocity fluctuations during steady-state result in a non-negligible damping. This loss mechanism is, for the fundamental mode of our experimental organ pipe, of the same order of magnitude as the radiation or visco-thermal damping.</p

New planetary systems from the Calan–Hertfordshire Extrasolar Planet Search

We report the discovery of eight new giant planets, and updated orbits for four known planets, orbiting dwarf and subgiant stars using the CORALIE, HARPS, and MIKE instruments as part of the Calan–Hertfordshire Extrasolar Planet Search. The planets have masses in the range 1.1–5.4 MJ’s, orbital periods from 40 to 2900 d, and eccentricities from 0.0 to 0.6. They include a double-planet system orbiting the most massive star in our sample (HD147873), two eccentric giant planets (HD128356b and HD154672b), and a rare 14 Herculis analogue (HD224538b). We highlight some population correlations from the sample of radial velocity detected planets orbiting nearby stars, including the mass function exponential distribution, confirmation of the growing body of evidence that low-mass planets tend to be found orbiting more metal-poor stars than giant planets, and a possible period–metallicity correlation for planets with masses >0.1 MJ, based on a metallicity difference of 0.16 dex between the population of planets with orbital periods less than 100 d and those with orbital periods greater than 100 d

Weakly haemolytic variants of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae newly emerged in Europe belong to a distinct subclade with unique genetic properties.

Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae is widespread globally, and can cause mucohaemorrhagic colitis (swine dysentery, SD) with severe economic impact in infected herds. Typical strains of B. hyodysenteriae are strongly haemolytic on blood agar, and the haemolytic activity is believed to contribute to virulence in vivo. However, recently there have been reports of atypical weakly haemolytic isolates of B. hyodysenteriae (whBh). In this study, 34 European whBh and 82 strongly haemolytic isolates were subjected to comparative genomic analysis. A phylogenetic tree constructed using core single nucleotide polymorphisms showed that the whBh formed a distinct sub-clade. All eight genes previously associated with haemolysis in B. hyodysenteriae were present in the whBh. No consistent patterns of amino acid substitutions for all whBh were found in these genes. In contrast, a genome region containing six coding sequences (CDSs) had consistent nucleotide sequence differences between strongly and whBh isolates. Two CDSs were predicted to encode ABC transporter proteins, and a TolC family protein, which may have a role in the export of haemolysins from B. hyodysenteriae. Another difference in this region was the presence of three CDSs in whBh that are pseudogenes in strongly haemolytic isolates. One of the intact CDSs from whBh encoded a predicted PadR-like transcriptional repressor that may play a role in repression of haemolysis functions. In summary, a sub-clade of whBh isolates has emerged in Europe, and several genomic differences, that potentially explain the weakly haemolytic phenotype, were identified. These markers may provide targets for discriminatory molecular tests needed in SD surveillance

MARKETING POLITIK PARTAI DEMOKRAT DALAM PEMILU LEGISLATIF 2009

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan latar belakang kemenangan Partai Demokrat di pemilu legislatif 2009 yang fenomenal dengan perolehan suara meningkat 3 kali lipat dari pemilu sebelumnya. Berbagai faktor pemenangan pun dianalisis oleh berbagai pihak termasuk media, pengamat politik, dan bahkan lawan politik Partai Demokrat. Namun, disisi lain terdapat banyak pula kendala yang sebenarnya tidak memungkinkan tercapainya perolehan suara Partai Demokrat yang fenomenal tersebut. Marketing politik dipahami sebagai strategi yang digunakan Partai Demokrat untuk mereduksi kendala-kendala tersebut dan mengupayakan pemenangan Partai Demokrat. Teori yang digunakan merupakan kerangka kerja marketing politik milik Adman Nursal yang terdiri atas tahapan-tahapan yang diantaranya adalah pemahaman lingkungan pemasaran marketing politik; pembentukan proses marketing politik (strategi marketing politik, bauran produk, dan pendekatan pasar); penentuan pasar politik; serta output marketing politik yaitu tertanamnya makna politis di benak pemilih yang mendorong partisipasi politik. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui secara detail strategi marketing politik yang dilakukan Partai Demokrat dalam memenangkan pemilu legislatif 2009. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian studi kasus dengan tipe penelitian deskriptif untuk menggambarkan aktivitas marketing politik yang dilakukan Bappilu Partai Demokrat sebagai subyek penelitian. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa strategi pemenangan pemilu oleh bappilu dilakukan melalui strategi khusus dengan menggunakan 3 pilar partai yaitu: konsolidasi, ikut serta dalam pembangunan nasional, dan kampanye pemilu 2009. Ketiganya dirangkum dalam draf strategi pemenangan pemilu oleh bappilu yang dibagi menjadi 3 tahap yaitu objektivitas, strategi operasional, dan operasional. Strategi pemenangan pemilu 2009 oleh bappilu Partai Demokrat pada dasanya mengikuti langkah-langkah dari kerangka kerja strategi marketing politik. Secara keseluruhan kegiatan marketing politik yang dilakukan Partai Demokrat diantaranya adalah diawali dengan pemahaman lingkungan internal dan eksternal partai, kekuatan serta peluang untuk kemudian dibentuk segmen, target, serta positioning sebagai pesan utama yang akan disampaikan yang ditawarkan dalam bentuk bauran produk politik dan disampaikan melalui presentasi dengan 3 jenis pendekatan kepada pemilih melalui media massa dan influencer untuk menanamkan pesan politik ke benak pemilih yang mendorong perilaku politik pemilih untuk memilih Partai Demokrat. Strategi pada lapangan dilakukan melalui kampanye politik menjelang pemilu 2009 dengan penekanan pada positioning dan strategi pendekatan pasar. Seluruh rangkaian aktivitas marketing politik tidak dapat dipisahkan satu dengan yang lainnya namun positioning dan pendekatan memiliki peran penting dalam mendukung aktivitas yang ada. Adapun terdapat beberapa kekurangan dalam kegiatan marketing politik yang dilakukan Bappilu Partai Demokrat yang diantaranya adalah kurang spesifiknya segmen yang ditentukan, manajemen partai yang masih lemah, serta pengkoordinasian massa solid sebagai basis massa. Namun berbagai kelemahan tersebut dapat diatasi sehingga Partai Demokrat berhasil memenangkan Pemilu Legislatif 2009 dengan fenomenal