Recognition of non face objects, designed to require the same stimulus processing as that for faces, show only minimal effects of differences in contrast polarity or orientation direction

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The glacial cycles and cosmic rays

The cause of the glacial cycles remains a mystery. The origin is widely accepted to be astronomical since paleoclimatic archives contain strong spectral components that match the frequencies of Earth's orbital modulation. Milankovitch insolation theory contains similar frequencies and has become established as the standard model of the glacial cycles. However, high precision paleoclimatic data have revealed serious discrepancies with the Milankovitch model that fundamentally challenge its validity and re-open the question of what causes the glacial cycles. We propose here that the ice ages are initially driven not by insolation cycles but by cosmic ray changes, probably through their effect on clouds. This conclusion is based on a wide range of evidence, including results presented here on speleothem growth in caves in Austria and Oman, and on a record of cosmic ray flux over the past 220 kyr obtained from the 10Be composition of deep-ocean sediments

Ventilation and cave air PCO2 in the Bunker-Emst Cave System (NW Germany): implications for speleothem proxy data

Cave air pCO2 (carbon dioxide partial pressure) is, along with drip rate, one of the most important factors controlling speleothem carbonate precipitation. As a consequence, pCO2 has an indirect but important control on speleothem proxy data (e.g., elemental concentrations, isotopic values). The CO2 concentration of cave air depends on CO2 source(s) and productivity, CO2 transport through the epikarst and karst zone, and cave air ventilation. To assess ventilation patterns in the Bunker-Emst Cave (BEC) System, we monitored the pCO2 value approximately 100 m from the lower entrance (Bunker Cave) at bi-hourly resolution between April 2012 and February 2014. The two entrances of the BEC system were artificially opened between 1860?1863 (Emst Cave) and 1926 (Bunker Cave). Near-atmospheric minimum pCO2dynamics of 408 ppmv are measured in winter, and up to 811 ppmv are recorded in summer. Outside air contributes the highest proportion to cave air CO2, while soil, and possibly also ground air, provide a far smaller proportion throughout the whole year. Cave air pCO2 correlates positively with the temperature difference between surface and cave air during summer and negatively in winter, with no clear pattern for spring and autumn. Dynamic ventilation is driven by temperature and resulting density differences between cave and surface air. In summer, warm atmospheric air is entrained through the upper cave entrance where it cools. With increasing density, the cooled air flows toward the lower entrance. In winter, this pattern is reversed, due to cold, atmospheric air entering the cave via the lower entrance, while relatively warm cave air rises and exits the cave via the upper entrance. The situation is further modulated by preferential south-southwestern winds that point directly on both cave entrances. Thus, cave ventilation is frequently disturbed, especially during periods with higher wind speed. Modern ventilation of the BEC system-induced by artificially openings-is not a direct analogue for pre-1860 ventilation conditions. The artificial change of ventilation resulted in a strong increase of ?13Cspeleothem values. Prior to the cave opening in 1860, Holocene ?13Cspeleothem values were significantly lower, probably related to limited ventilation due to the lack of significant connections between the surface and cave. Reduced ventilation led to significantly higher pCO2 values, minimal CO2 degassing from drip water and low kinetic isotope fractionation. Both modern and fossil speleothem precipitation rates are driven by water supply and carbonate saturation, and not by cave air pCO2. Today, pCO2 variability is too small to affect carbonate precipitation rates and the same is likely true for pCO2 variability prior to artificial opening of the cave. Thus, fossil speleothems from BEC System are likely more sensitive to temperature and infiltration dynamics. The Bunker-Emst Cave System, therefore, represents different ventilation patterns and their influence on speleothem proxy data in an exemplary manner, and it may serve as a template for other cave systems

A spike of CO2 in the atmosphere at glacial-interglacial boundaries induced by rapid deposition of manganese in the oceans

The model presented here provides an explanation of the rapid response of atmospheric CO2 to increasing solar insolation. In the glacial ocean, during periods of slow, deep water renewal, when less oxygen is supplied to the deep ocean and into sediments, manganese oxide in the sediments is reduced and forms soluble MnCO3 and stays in the water column. The dissolved Mn-carbonate should then reach a concentration of ≥ 10µMol/liter, approximately 5,000 to 104 times larger than it is at present. This is the mode prevailing until deep water formation at high latitudes starts again. As soon as the balance between oxygen and organic matter becomes oxidizing once more, the deposition of MnO2 recommences. Oxidation of dissolved Mn2+CO3 to Mn4+O2 which is a spike of acidity to the ocean, rapidly lowers the CO3−− concentration in the water column and enhances release of CO2 to the atmosphere, producing the observed events of CO2 increase at the transitions from glacials to interglacials. The surprising conclusion is that the oceanic (redox-) cycle of a minor element may have had a major impact on Earth's climate

Entre a liberdade e a reclusão: o apoio social como componente da qualidade de vida do binômio cuidador familiar-pessoa dependente

This is a qualitative study which uses Grounded Theory as its methodological framework and Symbolic Interactionism as a theoretical base to understand the experience of family caregivers for Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) patients with regard to social support during their rehabilitation process at home. The components (themes and categories) of the phenomenon assuming home care and specifically the themes assuming care with support and assuming care without support were inter-related for the purpose of comparison and analysis, in order to apprehend how the interaction between them occurred. It was observed that, in addition to the recovery of the patient's autonomy, social support is one of the intervenient components in the quality of life for the family caregiver-disabled person binomial, particularly with respect to the caregiver's freedom to resume his/her life plan.Se trata de un estudio cualitativo que utiliza como referencial metodológico la Grounded Theory y como referencial teórico el Interaccionismo Simbólico para comprender la experiencia de cuidadores familiares de personas con ACV y su relación con el apoyo social que reciben durante el proceso de rehabilitación de persona con ACV en el domicilio. Interrelacionando los componentes (temas y categorías) relativos al fenómeno del cuidado en el domicilio y específicamente a los temas: asumir el cuidado con apoyo y asumir el cuidado sin apoyo, procuramos compararlos y analizarlos para aprehender cómo se daba la interacción entre ellos. Percibimos que, además de la recuperación de la autonomía del enfermo, el apoyo social es una de las variables intervinientes en la calidad de vida del binomio cuidador familiar-persona dependiente y está específicamente relacionada a la libertad del cuidador de retomar su plan de vida.Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, utilizando-se como referencial metodológico a Grounded Theory e como referencial teórico o Interacionismo Simbólico, para compreender a experiência de cuidadores familiares de pessoas com AVC, acerca do apoio social, durante o processo de reabilitação de pessoa com AVC no domicílio. Ao inter-relacionar os componentes (temas e categorias) relativos ao fenômeno assumindo o cuidado no domicílio e especificamente aos temas: assumindo o cuidado com suporte e assumindo o cuidado sem suporte, buscando compará-los e analisá-los para apreender como se dava à interação entre eles. Percebemos que, além da recuperação da autonomia do doente, o apoio social é uma das variáveis intervenientes na qualidade de vida do binômio cuidador familiar-pessoa dependente e, especificamente, relacionada à liberdade do cuidador retomar o seu plano de vida.(CNPq) Brazilian Scientific and Technological Development Counci

O PROCESSO DE TRABALHO DO ASSISTENTE SOCIAL NO AMBULATÓRIO DE INFECTOLOGIA PEDIÁTRICA DO HUSM

A partir das vivências do estágio curricular obrigatório de Serviço Social, que ocorreram no período de 2016 e 2017, no Ambulatório de Infectologia Pediátrica, do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, busca-se analisar os processos de trabalho do assistente social com usuários infectados pelo vírus HIV/AIDS, com vistas a contribuir nas reflexões sobre o tema e na viabilização de acesso aos direitos sociais desses sujeitos. Por meio dos documentos elaborados no estágio, como diários de campo, projetos de intervenção e relatório final, sistematiza-se a presente reflexão que aponta para a realidade do exercício profissional junto aos usuários em tratamento de HIV/AIDS. Levando em conta as refrações da questão social nesse campo, apresenta-se um arsenal de instrumentais técnico-operativos que permitem ao profissional intervir nas fragilizações decorrentes da doença e do contexto social, visando o fortalecimento dos vínculos familiares, das redes de relações e de convívio social

El papel solidario desempeñado por familiares visitantes y acompañantes de adultos y ancianos hospitalizados

Este estudo objetivou compreender o papel da solidariedade desempenhado por familiares visitantes e acompanhantes de adultos e idosos internados. Utilizou-se como referencial teórico a teoria de enfermagem como cuidado solidário e como referencial metodológico a Grounded Theory. Foram entrevistados nove familiares de adultos e idosos hospitalizados no período de abril a setembro de 2002. Dos resultados identificou-se o fenômeno: assumindo o papel de familiar visitante ou de familiar acompanhante, que congrega os temas: querendo desempenhar um papel solidário e compreendendo o estar junto como uma interdependência emocional. Acredita-se que quando a enfermeira reconhece a singularidade da relação de solidariedade e de interdependência familiar, também exerce seu trabalho pautado na solidariedade, visto que colabora para o restabelecimento do doente, alivia seu sofrimento e de seus familiares e, portanto, promove a saúde do grupo familiar.This study aimed to better understand the role of solidarity performed by family visitors and companions of hospitalized adults and elderly. The study used the nursing as caring theory as a theoretical reference and the Grounded Theory as a methodological reference. Nine family members of hospitalized adults and elderly were interviewed between April and September of 2002. The phenomenon: assuming the family visitor's or companion's role was identified from the results of the study, which congregates the themes: wanting to perform solidarity, and understanding being together as an emotional interdependence. We believe that when nurses recognize the singularity of the solidarity relationship and of family interdependence, they also exercises their work outlined in solidarity, because they collaborate for the re-establishment of the patient, relieve the patients' and their family's suffering and therefore, promote the health of the family group.El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender el papel solidario desempeñado por los familiares visitantes y acompañantes de adultos y ancianos hospitalizados. Como referencial teórico se empleó la teoría de enfermería como cuidado solidario, y como referencial metodológico, la Grounded Theory. Para el estudio fueron entrevistados nueve familiares de adultos y ancianos hospitalizados, en el período de abril a septiembre de 2002. De los resultados obtenidos se identificó el fenómeno: asumiendo el papel de familiar visitante o familiar acompañante, formado por los siguientes temas: deseando realizar un papel solidario y entendiendo el permanecer junto como una interdependencia emocional. Se cree que cuando la enfermera reconoce la singularidad de la relación de solidaridad y de la interdependencia de la familia, ella también ejerce su trabajo centrado en la solidaridad, porque colabora para el restablecimiento del paciente, ayudando así a disminuir el sufrimiento del enfermo y de sus familias y, por lo tanto, promueve la salud del grupo familiar.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Data Parallel Line Relaxation (DPLR) Code User Manual: Acadia - Version 4.01.1

Data-Parallel Line Relaxation (DPLR) code is a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) solver that was developed at NASA Ames Research Center to help mission support teams generate high-value predictive solutions for hypersonic flow field problems. The DPLR Code Package is an MPI-based, parallel, full three-dimensional Navier-Stokes CFD solver with generalized models for finite-rate reaction kinetics, thermal and chemical non-equilibrium, accurate high-temperature transport coefficients, and ionized flow physics incorporated into the code. DPLR also includes a large selection of generalized realistic surface boundary conditions and links to enable loose coupling with external thermal protection system (TPS) material response and shock layer radiation codes