Penerapan Sanksi Pidana Bagi Pelaku Tindak Pidana Aborsi Menurut Peraturan Perundang-undangan yang Berlaku

Aborsi merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat karena memberikan dampak pada kematian ibu. Sebagaimana diketahui penyebab utama kematian ibu hamil dan melahirkan adalah perdarahan, infeksi, dan eklampsia namun sebenarnya aborsi juga merupakan penyebab kematian ibu dalam bentuk komplikasi perdarahan sepsis. Dibeberapa negara seperti di Amerika Serikat memperbolehkan aborsi dengan alasan medis tertentu, aborsi ini disebut sebagai aborsi terapeutik di negara Jepang dan Eropa Timur memperbolehkan aborsi dengan alasan terbatasnya jumlah penduduk sehingga praktik aborsi di negara tersebut dilegalkan. Namun di Indonesia melarang keras praktik aborsi dalam bentuk apapun, namun menurut Undang-Undang Kesehatan Tahun 1992 praktik aborsi diperbolehkan dengan indikasi medis, namun dalam ketentuan yang tertera dalam Undang-Undang Kesehatan Tahun 1992 menjadi dilematis antara memperbolehkan atau melarang tindakan aborsi tersebut. Setelah mengalami gejolak yang sangat panjang pemerintah mencabut peraturan tentang Undang-Undang Kesehatan Tahun 1992 dan diganti dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 seiring dengan perkembangan jaman dan banyak penolakan terhadap peraturan yang lama. Dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana sendiri perbuatan aborsi merupakan tindakan kriminal atau dikatagorikan sebagai kejahatan terhadap nyawa, Pasal yang mengatur terhadap kejahatan terhadap nyawa adalah Pasal 229, Pasal 346, Pasal 349, dan Pasal 535. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan. Serta menggunkan sumber bahan hukum sekunder sebagai sumber data utama, yang didasarkan pada bahan hukum primer yaitu Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan, dan bahan hukum sekunder berupa buku, catatan-catatan ilmiah dan sumber bahan hukum lainnya.. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa hanya Undang-Undang Kesehatan yang memperbolehkan seorang wanita melakukan aborsi dengan alasan faktor penyakit bawaan, dimana ternyata pada ibu hamil yang sudah melakukan pemeriksaan kehamilan mendapatkan Kenyataan bahwa bayi yang dikandungnya mengalami cacat secara fisik sehingga apabila bayi tersebut lahir akan mengancam jiwa ibu maupun bayi yang akan dilahirkan

Carbon nanotube vacuum gauges with wide-dynamic range and processes thereof

A miniature thermal conductivity gauge employs a carbon single-walled-nanotube. The gauge operates on the principle of thermal exchange between the voltage-biased nanotube and the surrounding gas at low levels of power and low temperatures to measure vacuum across a wide dynamic range. The gauge includes two terminals, a source of constant voltage to the terminals, a single-walled carbon nanotube between the terminals, a calibration of measured conductance of the nanotube to magnitudes of surrounding vacuum and a current meter in electrical communication with the source of constant voltage. Employment of the nanotube for measuring vacuum includes calibrating the electrical conductance of the nanotube to magnitudes of vacuum, exposing the nanotube to a vacuum, applying a constant voltage across the nanotube, measuring the electrical conductance of the nanotube in the vacuum with the constant voltage applied and converting the measured electrical conductance to the corresponding calibrated magnitude of vacuum using the calibration. The nanotube may be suspended to minimize heat dissipation through the substrate, increasing sensitivity at even tower pressures

Arrays of Bundles of Carbon Nanotubes as Field Emitters

Experiments have shown that with suitable choices of critical dimensions, planar arrays of bundles of carbon nanotubes (see figure) can serve as high-current-density field emitter (cold-cathode) electron sources. Whereas some hot-cathode electron sources must be operated at supply potentials of thousands of volts, these cold-cathode sources generate comparable current densities when operated at tens of volts. Consequently, arrays of bundles of carbon nanotubes might prove useful as cold-cathode sources in miniature, lightweight electron-beam devices (e.g., nanoklystrons) soon to be developed. Prior to the experiments, all reported efforts to develop carbon-nanotube-based field-emission sources had yielded low current densities from a few hundred microamperes to a few hundred milliamperes per square centimeter. An electrostatic screening effect, in which taller nanotubes screen the shorter ones from participating in field emission, was conjectured to be what restricts the emission of electrons to such low levels. It was further conjectured that the screening effect could be reduced and thus emission levels increased by increasing the spacing between nanotubes to at least by a factor of one to two times the height of the nanotubes. While this change might increase the emission from individual nanotubes, it would decrease the number of nanotubes per unit area and thereby reduce the total possible emission current. Therefore, to maximize the area-averaged current density, it would be necessary to find an optimum combination of nanotube spacing and nanotube height. The present concept of using an array of bundles of nanotubes arises partly from the concept of optimizing the spacing and height of field emitters. It also arises partly from the idea that single nanotubes may have short lifetimes as field emitters, whereas bundles of nanotubes could afford redundancy so that the loss of a single nanotube would not significantly reduce the overall field emission

Fabricating Large-Area Sheets of Single-Layer Graphene by CVD

This innovation consists of a set of methodologies for preparing large area (greater than 1 cm(exp 2)) domains of single-atomic-layer graphite, also called graphene, in single (two-dimensional) crystal form. To fabricate a single graphene layer using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), the process begins with an atomically flat surface of an appropriate substrate and an appropriate precursor molecule containing carbon atoms attached to substituent atoms or groups. These molecules will be brought into contact with the substrate surface by being flowed over, or sprayed onto, the substrate, under CVD conditions of low pressure and elevated temperature. Upon contact with the surface, the precursor molecules will decompose. The substituent groups detach from the carbon atoms and form gas-phase species, leaving the unfunctionalized carbon atoms attached to the substrate surface. These carbon atoms will diffuse upon this surface and encounter and bond to other carbon atoms. If conditions are chosen carefully, the surface carbon atoms will arrange to form the lowest energy single-layer structure available, which is the graphene lattice that is sought. Another method for creating the graphene lattice includes metal-catalyzed CVD, in which the decomposition of the precursor molecules is initiated by the catalytic action of a catalytic metal upon the substrate surface. Another type of metal-catalyzed CVD has the entire substrate composed of catalytic metal, or other material, either as a bulk crystal or as a think layer of catalyst deposited upon another surface. In this case, the precursor molecules decompose directly upon contact with the substrate, releasing their atoms and forming the graphene sheet. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) can also be used. In this method, a substrate surface at low temperature is covered with exactly one monolayer of precursor molecules (which may be of more than one type). This is heated up so that the precursor molecules decompose and form one monolayer of the target material

Improved Photoresist Coating for Making CNT Field Emitters

An improved photoresist-coating technique has been developed for use in the fabrication of carbon-nanotube- (CNT) based field emitters is described. The improved photoresist coating technique overcomes what, heretofore, has been a major difficulty in the fabrication process

Penyebaran Karat Daun Olivea Tectonae (Uredinales) Pada Tectona Grandis Di Jawa Dan Sumatera

Jati (Tectona grandis) merupakan tanaman hutan yang mempunyai nilai komersial tinggi, sehingga jati dibudidayakan di banyak tempat di Indonesia. Beberapa contoh daun jati yang dikumpulkan dari berbagai lokasi di Pulau Jawa dan Sumatera menunjukkan gejala terserang cendawan karat. Kegiatan ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi cendawan karat dan memetakan penyebarannya. Identifikasi dilakukan dengan mengamati struktur morfologi cendawan, menentukan stadianya dan mengukur karakteristik morfologinya, antara lain: uredinia, urediniospora, dan paraphysis di bawah mikroskop cahaya. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan Olivea tectonae sebagai cendawan karat penyebabnya bercak daun jati. Stadia yang didapat adalah uredinia, sedang stadia lainnya tidak ditemukan. O. tectonae ditemukan dari semua contoh daun yang diamati yang dikumpulkan dari empat provinsi, yaitu: Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur dan Lampung