22 research outputs found

    Vertrauen und emotionale Stabilität als Determinanten von Erfolg und Lebenszufriedenheit

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    Wie erklären sich Unterschiede im guten und erfolgreichen Leben, wenn man dieses an der Lebens- und Arbeitszufriedenheit, dem Bruttostundenlohn, der Gesundheit und den Ausbildungsjahren festmacht? Erkenntnisse fachübergreifender Forschung von Ökonomen und Psychologen werfen die Frage auf, ob allein ökonomische Präferenzen sowie gesellschaftliche und ökonomische Rahmenbedingungen hierfür verantwortlich sind. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt, dass Ungleichheit auch eine Folge der Entwicklung der Persönlichkeit ist. Ökonomische Präferenzen und Persönlichkeitsmerkmale sind nicht perfekt austauschbar. Vielmehr ergänzen sie sich. Erfolgreiche Bundesbürger in allen untersuchten Lebensbereichen weisen vor allem hohe Werte bei der emotionalen Stabilität und beim Vertrauen auf. Von den Bundesbürgern, die der Aussage „Im Allgemeinen kann man den Menschen vertrauen“ voll zustimmten, geben 72 Prozent eine hohe Lebenszufriedenheit an. Unter allen Deutschen trifft dies nur auf jeden zweiten zu

    Information and competition entry

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    This paper studies the influence of information on entry choices in a competition with a controlled laboratory experiment. We investigate whether information provision attracts mainly high productivity individuals and reduces competition failure, where competition failure occurs when a subject loses the competition because the opponent holds a higher productivity. Information on the opponent is a promising nudge to raise individuals' awareness towards the complexity of the decision problem and to update beliefs about success. In the experiment, subjects face the choice between a competition game and a safe outside option. We analyze subjects' entry behavior with a benchmark treatment without information and three treatments, where we exogenously manipulate the information on the opponents. Our results are, (1) information on the productivity distribution of all potential opponents reduces competition failures by more than 50%, (2) information on the distribution is sufficient, i.e. precise information on the matched opponent's type does not further diminish failure rates

    Quid pro quo: Die Rolle des Gerechtigkeitsempfindens bei politischen Interventionen

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    Unternehmen haben längst erkannt, dass Frauen auch in Führungspositionen gehören. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen der Einführung einer Quote in Norwegen und im Experimentallabor legen hingegen nahe, dass die Förderung der Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten von Frauen über eine Quotenregelung sowohl von den Benachteiligten als auch von den Begünstigten als ungerecht wahrgenommen wird und schließlich zu Effizienzverlusten führt. Vor allem eine starke Diskrepanz von gesetzlichem Quotenniveau zu aktuellem Frauenanteil führte in Norwegen zu Umsetzungsschwierigkeiten und Umsatzeinbußen. In männerdominierten Unternehmen, welche ad hoc bis zu 40 Prozent ihrer Aufsichtsräte durch Frauen ersetzen mussten, sank der Börsenwert signifikant stärker als bei Unternehmen, die bereits einen hohen weiblichen Führungsanteil aufwiesen (der durchschnittliche Kursabschlag lag bei 17 Prozent) - und zwar auch über mehrere Jahre hinweg. [...

    Image and misreporting

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    In this paper we ask if reports of private information about skills, abilities or achievements are affected by image concerns. We develop a simple model that illustrates how image utility can lead to misreporting of private information in contexts where truthful reports maximize monetary outcomes. In addition, we test the model's predictions in a controlled lab experiment. In the experiment, all subjects go through a series of quiz questions and subsequently report a performance measure. We vary if reports are made to an audience or not and find evidence for image effects. In the audience treatment, stated reports are significantly higher than in the private treatment. This suggests that overconfident appearance might be a consequence of social approval seeking. We also find that men state higher self-assessments than women. This gender difference seems to be driven by men responding more strongly to the presence of an audience

    Lebenszufriedenheit in Deutschland: Entwicklung und Einflussfaktoren

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    Die Arbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland ist auf dem niedrigsten Stand seit der Wiedervereinigung. Dies hat auch zur Folge, dass die Lebenszufriedenheit in Deutschland auf einen Höchststand angestiegen ist. Denn erwerbstätige Menschen geben eine signifikant höhere allgemeine Lebenszufriedenheit an als Arbeitslose. Auf Basis der neuesten Befragung des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels zeigt sich, dass rund die Hälfte der Deutschen mit ihrem Leben in hohem Maß zufrieden sind. Nur eine kleine Gruppe von weniger als zwei Prozent der Befragten gibt eine niedrige Zufriedenheit an. Das Ausmaß der Zufriedenheit bleibt im Lauf des Lebens nicht konstant, sondern verläuft sinusförmig. Junge Menschen und Ruheständler kurz vor und nach Renteneintritt sind besonders zufrieden. Personen im Alter von 50 bis zu 60 Jahren sowie Menschen über 80 Jahre sind im Durchschnitt am unzufriedensten. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen Höhe des Einkommens und Ausmaß der Lebenszufriedenheit besteht nur mittelbar. Wer gesund ist, einen Hochschulabschluss erworben hat oder anderen vertraut, ist auch zufriedener. So weisen zum Beispiel 64 Prozent der Personen, die Vertrauen in andere Menschen haben, eine hohe Lebenszufriedenheit auf. Unter den misstrauischeren Befragten sind es nur 30 Prozent. Auch ehrenamtliches Engagement scheint glücklich zu machen. Zwar engagieren sich nur 10 Prozent der Deutschen regelmäßig, ohne hierfür ein Entgelt zu beziehen, dafür sind sie signifikant zufriedener als andere

    Verbraucherschutz und Verhaltensökonomik: Zur Psychologie von Vertrauen und Kontrolle

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    Die Entscheidungsfindung wird für Verbraucher immer komplexer. Die Frage nach einer effizienten und effektiven Verbraucherpolitik stellt sich damit dringender denn je: Wie können Konsumenten gestärkt werden, ohne die Anbieter und die Angebotsvielfalt zu sehr einzuschränken? Das Menschenbild der neoklassischen Wirtschaftstheorie, der Homo oeconomicus, liefert keine ausreichende Basis zur Beantwortung dieser Frage. Denn viele Phänomene des Konsumentenverhaltens lassen sich damit nicht vereinbaren. Diese IW-Analyse widmet sich daher alternativen Konzepten für eine evidenzbasierte Verbraucherpolitik, deren Grundlage die Verhaltensökonomik ist. Psychologische Erkenntnisse helfen, ein realistischeres Bild des Konsumenten zu zeichnen und Lösungen für einen gezielteren Verbraucherschutz zu entwickeln. Im Fokus stehen dabei auch die Unternehmen, die durch Vertrauensbildung die Beziehung zum Kunden verbessern und so regulatorischen Eingriffen vorbeugen können. Denn schärfere Gesetze mit immer mehr Informationspflichten nutzen vielfach weder den Unternehmen noch den Verbrauchern.With consumers being confronted to make increasingly complex decisions, the need for an efficient and effective consumer policy is more urgent than ever. Yet how can consumers' choices be made easier without imposing excessive restrictions on suppliers and the variety of goods and services available? No convincing answer to this question can be provided on the basis of homo economicus, the model of man adopted by neo-classical economic theory, since many aspects of consumer behaviour are not consistent with this concept. The present IW analysis is therefore devoted to alternative strategies for developing an evidence-based consumer policy drawing on behavioural economics. The results of psychological research help us to paint a more realistic picture of the consumer and to develop solutions for better-targeted consumer protection. Our focus is also on companies, which can use confidence-building measures to improve relations with the demand side and thus pre-empt regulatory intervention. Stricter laws stipulating ever more detailed consumer information are often of little use to either companies or their customers

    Overconfidence and Loss Aversion in Economic Decision Making

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    In chapter one, we ask if reports of private information about skills, abilities or achievements are affected by image concerns. We develop a simple model that illustrates how image utility can lead to misreporting of private information in contexts where truthful reports maximize monetary outcomes. In addition, we test the model's predictions in a controlled lab experiment. In the experiment, all subjects go through a series of quiz questions and subsequently report a performance measure. We vary if reports are made to an audience or not and find evidence for image effects. In the audience treatment, stated reports are significantly higher than in the private treatment. This suggests that overconfident appearance might be a consequence of social approval seeking. We also find that men state higher self-assessments than women. This gender difference seems to be driven by men responding more strongly to the presence of an audience. Chapter two studies the influence of information on entry choices in a competition with a controlled laboratory experiment. We investigate whether information provision attracts mainly high productivity individuals and reduces competition failure, where competition failure occurs when an individual loses the competition because the opponent holds a higher productivity. In the experiment, subjects face the choice between a competition game and a safe outside option. We analyze subjects’ entry behavior with a benchmark treatment without information and three treatments, where we exogenously manipulate the information on the opponents. Information on the opponent is a promising nudge to raise individuals’ awareness towards the complexity of the decision problem and to update beliefs about success. Our results are, (1) information on the productivity distribution of all potential opponents reduces competition failures by more than 50%, (2) information on the distribution is sufficient, i.e. precise information on the matched opponent’s type does not further diminish failure rates. In chapter three, we theoretically and experimentally study independent private value auctions in the presence of bidders who are loss averse in the sense of Köszegi and Rabin (2007). In one specification, we consider gains and losses in two dimensions separately, about whether they receive the object or not, and how much they pay (narrow bracketing of gains and losses); in the other specification, we consider gains and losses over the entire risk neutral pay off, i.e. the valuation less the bid (wide bracketing of gains and losses). With wide bracketing, we show that the expected revenue for the auctioneer is higher in the first price auction than in the all pay auction, and with narrow bracketing, we show that the opposite is true for the revenue ranking between the first price auction and the all pay auction. In order to test the theoretical predictions, we conduct laboratory experiments, in which money and a real object is auctioned in both a first price auction and an all pay auction. In both settings, the average revenue is significantly higher in the first price auction, suggesting that bidders may behave according to the one dimensional model, although a real object is auctioned. Whereas our findings are inconsistent with narrow bracketing of gains and losses, they are consistent with wide bracketing of gains and losses

    Secondary prevention of Alzheimer's dementia: neuroimaging contributions

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    BACKGROUND: In Alzheimer's disease (AD), pathological changes may arise up to 20 years before the onset of dementia. This pre-dementia window provides a unique opportunity for secondary prevention. However, exposing non-demented subjects to putative therapies requires reliable biomarkers for subject selection, stratification, and monitoring of treatment. Neuroimaging allows the detection of early pathological changes, and longitudinal imaging can assess the effect of interventions on markers of molecular pathology and rates of neurodegeneration. This is of particular importance in pre-dementia AD trials, where clinical outcomes have a limited ability to detect treatment effects within the typical time frame of a clinical trial. We review available evidence for the use of neuroimaging in clinical trials in pre-dementia AD. We appraise currently available imaging markers for subject selection, stratification, outcome measures, and safety in the context of such populations. MAIN BODY: Amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) is a validated in-vivo marker of fibrillar amyloid plaques. It is appropriate for inclusion in trials targeting the amyloid pathway, as well as to monitor treatment target engagement. Amyloid PET, however, has limited ability to stage the disease and does not perform well as a prognostic marker within the time frame of a pre-dementia AD trial. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), providing markers of neurodegeneration, can improve the identification of subjects at risk of imminent decline and hence play a role in subject inclusion. Atrophy rates (either hippocampal or whole brain), which can be reliably derived from structural MRI, are useful in tracking disease progression and have the potential to serve as outcome measures. MRI can also be used to assess comorbid vascular pathology and define homogeneous groups for inclusion or for subject stratification. Finally, MRI also plays an important role in trial safety monitoring, particularly the identification of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA). Tau PET to measure neurofibrillary tangle burden is currently under development. Evidence to support the use of advanced MRI markers such as resting-state functional MRI, arterial spin labelling, and diffusion tensor imaging in pre-dementia AD is preliminary and requires further validation. CONCLUSION: We propose a strategy for longitudinal imaging to track early signs of AD including quantitative amyloid PET and yearly multiparametric MRI

    Deception and Self-Deception

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    Why are people so often overconfident? We conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis that people become overconfident to more effectively persuade or deceive others. After performing a cognitively challenging task, half of our subjects are informed that they can earn money by convincing others of their superior performance. The privately elicited beliefs of informed subjects are significantly more confident than the beliefs of subjects in the control condition. By generating exogenous variation in confidence with a noisy performance signal, we are also able to show that higher confidence indeed makes subjects more persuasive in the subsequent face-to-face interactions
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