Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Nilai Perusahaan, Profitabilitas, Dan financial leverage Terhadap Praktik perataan laba (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2011-2014)

The purpose of this research is to analyze the factory that affect income smoothing to the manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The examined factors of this research are company size, corporate value, profitability, and financial leverage as the independent variables, while income smoothing as the dependent variables. Sampling technique employed in this study is the purposive sampling with the total sample of 56 companies. The data analysis uses logistic regression. The results of the study show that the company size, corporate value and profitability have influence towards income smoothing, while financial leverage do not have influence towards income smoothin

Investigation of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in animal models of Parkinson’s disease

Long-term levodopa replacement therapy in Parkinson’s disease is confounded by abnormal involuntary movements, known as Levodopa Induced Dyskinesia (LID). Dysfunctional glutamatergic neurotransmission has been implicated in the pathogenesis of LID making metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors attractive novel therapeutic targets. The objective was to investigate the antidyskinetic site of action of different glutamate receptor antagonists in the brain. For that purpose, receptor antagonists were administered by intracerebral infusion in the caudate-putamen (CPu), the substantia nigra zona reticulata (SNr) or the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats exhibiting LID. Τhe striatum proved important in the antidyskinetic action of NMDA and AMPA receptor antagonists. The metabotropic receptor antagonist demonstrated ani-dykinetic action after administration in subthalamic nucleus. This fact highlights the importance of the metabotropic glutamate receptors that reside in the STN as future therapeutic targets in the treatment of LID.Η μακρόχρονη θεραπεία με λεβοντόπα επηρεάζεται από την εμφάνιση μη φυσιολογικών ακούσιων κινήσεων, γνωστή ως «επαγόμενη από λεβοντόπα δυσκινησία». Οι δομικές μεταβολές των υποδοχέων του γλουταμικου συμβάλουν στην παθοφυσιολογία της δυσκινησίας. Σε μια προσπάθεια κατανόησης του μηχανισμού καθώς και εντοπισμού της αντι-δυσκινητικής δράσης των ειδικών ανταγωνιστών των γλουταμινικών υποδοχέων πραγματοποιήθηκε ενδοεγκεφαλική έγχυση διαφόρων ανταγωνιστών σε συγκεκριμένους πυρήνες σε επίμυες με δυσκινησία. Η χορήγηση των ανταγωνιστών των NMDA και AMPA υποδοχέων του γλουταμικού μείωσε τη δυσκινησία όταν η έγχυση έγινε στον κερκοφόρο πυρήνα. Από την άλλη μεριά, ο ανταγωνιστής των μεταβοτροπικών υποδοχέων υποτύπου 5 του γλουταμικου παρουσίασε αντιδυσκινητική δράση μόνο μετά από έγχυση του στον υποθαλαμικό πυρήνα καθιστώντας τον σημαντικό μελλοντικό θεραπευτικό στόχο για την αντιμετώπιση της δυσκινησίας

Treatment of motor symptoms in advanced Parkinson's disease: a practical approach

Patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) are known to develop motor complications after a few years of levodopa (L-dopa) therapy. Motor fluctuations develop with increasing severity of the disease, owing to loss of dopaminergic neurons and loss of the buffering capacity of the neurons to fluctuating dopamine levels. Dyskinesias develop as a result of pulsatile stimulation of the receptors and alterations in neuronal firing patterns. L-dopa remains the gold standard medication for the treatment of patients with advanced PD. However, once motor complications on L-dopa therapy emerge, clinicians may add on other classes of antiparkinsonian drugs such as dopamine agonists, catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors (COMTIs) or monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors (MAOBIs). The individualisation of the treatment seems to be the key for the best approach of advanced PD patients. The present review provides the most important current clinical data in the pharmacological treatment of motor symptoms in advanced PD and provides the clinician a simple algorithm in order to determine the best suitable treatment to advanced parkinsonian patients.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatr

Encephalitis lethargica with quick response to immunoglobulin

Clin Neuropharmaco