The diagnose of Borrelia afzelii infections in dogs

The aim of this study was to recognize an etiological factor of diseases with symptoms of lameness and subcutaneous tissues oedema, which occurred in 4 dogs after invasions of the ticks. The serological examinations [ELISA and Western blot] were done. In the samples of all 4 sera a presence of specific anti-Borrelia afzelii antibodies (IgG) were detected. The results of serological examinations, and the reaction of sick animals on tetracycline therapy showed, that in all four cases an etiological factor of the diseases were spirochetes Borrelia afzelii. In the light of the research, veterinary practitioners should keep in mind the presence of Lyme disease in dogs in Poland and include it in differential diagnosis for lameness

Special Economic Zones 20 Years Later

In this paper the authors undertake an ex-post evaluation of whether the special economic zones (SEZs) introduced in Poland in 1994 have been successful in meeting regional development objectives. They evaluate the policy of as many of its objectives as possible: employment creation, business creation (which includes attracting foreign direct investment), income or wage effects, and environmental sustainability. They use different panel data methods to investigate this question at the powiat and gmina levels in Poland during the 1995-2011 period. It is also possible to include numerous controls to reduce the problem of the omitted variables bias such as education level, dependency rates, state ownership, general subsidies and whether the area is urban or rural. The results indicate that SEZs in Poland have been successful in a number of their objectives such as private business creation. The positive effect of the policy however mainly comes through foreign direct investment (FDI), whereas the effects on e.g. investment and employment are small or insignificant. In other areas, such as securing higher income levels and locking firms into the sustainability agenda through the adoption of green technologies and reduced air pollution, the authors find only a small positively moderating effect of the policy on what are traditionally economically disadvantaged areas in Poland that used to be dependent on the socialist production model. Hence, despite high levels of FDI, the zones policy has not managed to overcome the legacy of backwardness or lagging regions. The main policy implication of the paper is that SEZs may be successful in stimulating activity in the short run but the policy must be seen as one of necessary temporality and can therefore not stand alone. Before launching SEZs, policymakers must have plans in place for follow up measures to ensure the longer term competitiveness and sustainability implications of such an initiative. There is a need to understand the connection between the specific incentive schemes used (in this particular case tax incentives were used) and the kinds of firms and activities they attract, including the behavioral models that those incentives promote

Special Economic Zones, 20 years after:A panel data evaluation of Poland's regional policy

In this paper the authors undertake an ex-post evaluation of whether the special economic zones (SEZs) introduced in Poland in 1994 have been successful in meeting regional development objectives. They evaluate the policy on as many of its objectives as possible: employment creation, business creation (which includes attracting foreign direct investment), income or wage effects, and environmental sustainability. They use different panel data methods to investigate this question at the powiat and gmina levels in Poland during the 1995-2011 period. It is also possible to include numerous controls to reduce the problem of the omitted variables bias such as education level, dependency rates, state ownership, general subsidies and whether the area is urban or rural. The results indicate that SEZs in Poland have been successful in a number of their objectives such as private business creation. The positive effect of the policy however mainly comes through foreign direct investment (FDI), whereas the effects on e.g. investment and employment are small or insignificant. In other areas, such as securing higher income levels and locking firms into the sustainability agenda through the adoption of green technologies and reduced air pollution, the authors find only a small positively moderating effect of the policy on what are traditionally economically disadvantaged areas in Poland that used to be dependent on the socialist production model. Hence, despite high levels of FDI, the zones policy has not managed to overcome the legacy of backwardness or lagging regions. The main policy implication of the paper is that SEZs may be successful in stimulating activity in the short run but the policy must be seen as one of necessary temporality and can therefore not stand alone. Before launching SEZs, policymakers must have plans in place for follow up measures to ensure the longer term competitiveness and sustainability implications of such an initiative. There is a need to understand the connection between the specific incentive schemes used (in this particular case tax incentives were used) and the kinds of firms and activities they attract, including the behavioral models that those incentives promote

Special Economic Zones, 20 Years After:A panel data evaluation of Poland's regional policy

In this paper we evaluate in an ex-post perspective whether the special economic zones (SEZs) introduced in Poland in 1994 have been successful in meeting regional development objectives or what we in this paper identify as a particular policy that has changed from being supply- to demand-led in terms of who ended up adopting the policy. We evaluate the policy on as many of its objectives as possible: employment creation, business creation including attraction of foreign direct investment (FDI), income or wage effects and environmental sustainability.Our results indicate that SEZs in Poland have been successful on a number of its objectives such as in particular attraction of FDI and raising investment levels in disadvantaged regions at the outset of transition. The positive effect on business creation therefore mainly comes through FDI. In other areas such as in particular securing a higher income level and locking firms into the sustainability agenda through adoption of green technologies and reduced air pollution we find only a small positively moderating effect of the policy on what are traditional economically disadvantaged areas in Poland that were overtly dependent on the socialist production model.The main policy implication of the paper is that SEZs may very well be a successful strategy for regionalized reindustrialization, but the policy must be seen as one of necessary temporality and can therefore not stand alone. Before launching SEZs policy-makers must have in place plans for follow up measures to ensure the longer term competitiveness and sustainability implications of such an initiative.<br/

Special Economic Zones, 20 Years After:A panel data evaluation of Poland's regional policy

In this paper we evaluate in an ex-post perspective whether the special economic zones (SEZs) introduced in Poland in 1994 have been successful in meeting regional development objectives or what we in this paper identify as a particular policy that has changed from being supply- to demand-led in terms of who ended up adopting the policy. We evaluate the policy on as many of its objectives as possible: employment creation, business creation including attraction of foreign direct investment (FDI), income or wage effects and environmental sustainability.Our results indicate that SEZs in Poland have been successful on a number of its objectives such as in particular attraction of FDI and raising investment levels in disadvantaged regions at the outset of transition. The positive effect on business creation therefore mainly comes through FDI. In other areas such as in particular securing a higher income level and locking firms into the sustainability agenda through adoption of green technologies and reduced air pollution we find only a small positively moderating effect of the policy on what are traditional economically disadvantaged areas in Poland that were overtly dependent on the socialist production model.The main policy implication of the paper is that SEZs may very well be a successful strategy for regionalized reindustrialization, but the policy must be seen as one of necessary temporality and can therefore not stand alone. Before launching SEZs policy-makers must have in place plans for follow up measures to ensure the longer term competitiveness and sustainability implications of such an initiative.<br/

Special Economic Zones, 20 years after:A panel data evaluation of Poland's regional policy

In this paper the authors undertake an ex-post evaluation of whether the special economic zones (SEZs) introduced in Poland in 1994 have been successful in meeting regional development objectives. They evaluate the policy on as many of its objectives as possible: employment creation, business creation (which includes attracting foreign direct investment), income or wage effects, and environmental sustainability. They use different panel data methods to investigate this question at the powiat and gmina levels in Poland during the 1995-2011 period. It is also possible to include numerous controls to reduce the problem of the omitted variables bias such as education level, dependency rates, state ownership, general subsidies and whether the area is urban or rural. The results indicate that SEZs in Poland have been successful in a number of their objectives such as private business creation. The positive effect of the policy however mainly comes through foreign direct investment (FDI), whereas the effects on e.g. investment and employment are small or insignificant. In other areas, such as securing higher income levels and locking firms into the sustainability agenda through the adoption of green technologies and reduced air pollution, the authors find only a small positively moderating effect of the policy on what are traditionally economically disadvantaged areas in Poland that used to be dependent on the socialist production model. Hence, despite high levels of FDI, the zones policy has not managed to overcome the legacy of backwardness or lagging regions. The main policy implication of the paper is that SEZs may be successful in stimulating activity in the short run but the policy must be seen as one of necessary temporality and can therefore not stand alone. Before launching SEZs, policymakers must have plans in place for follow up measures to ensure the longer term competitiveness and sustainability implications of such an initiative. There is a need to understand the connection between the specific incentive schemes used (in this particular case tax incentives were used) and the kinds of firms and activities they attract, including the behavioral models that those incentives promote

Babesia gibsoni Infection in Dogs—A European Perspective

Canine babesiosis is a disease caused by infection with parasites of the genus Babesia. These protozoa are classified as either large (e.g., Babesia canis) or small (e.g., Babesia gibsoni). So far, only three small Babesia species of clinical importance, able to infect dogs, have been described: B. gibsoni, B. conradae, and B. vulpes. This review presents the current epidemiological situation of Babesia gibsoni infections in dogs in Europe. In most European countries where B. gibsoni has been reported, the percentage of infected dogs is around 1%. The higher prevalence of the B. gibsoni infection among American Pit Bull Terriers suggests breed susceptibility. An analysis of the available data makes it possible to conclude that B. gibsoni infections may appear in the future in other non-endemic regions of Europe, which may pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for veterinary practitioners.</jats:p

Babesia gibsoni Infection in Dogs&mdash;A European Perspective

Canine babesiosis is a disease caused by infection with parasites of the genus Babesia. These protozoa are classified as either large (e.g., Babesia canis) or small (e.g., Babesia gibsoni). So far, only three small Babesia species of clinical importance, able to infect dogs, have been described: B. gibsoni, B. conradae, and B. vulpes. This review presents the current epidemiological situation of Babesia gibsoni infections in dogs in Europe. In most European countries where B. gibsoni has been reported, the percentage of infected dogs is around 1%. The higher prevalence of the B. gibsoni infection among American Pit Bull Terriers suggests breed susceptibility. An analysis of the available data makes it possible to conclude that B. gibsoni infections may appear in the future in other non-endemic regions of Europe, which may pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for veterinary practitioners