PMI turistiche nel Web 2.0: la sfida della visibilita e della reputazione online

La tesi affronta il tema del Web 2.0 e di come le piccole e medie imprese del settore turistico cercano di sfruttare la Coda Lunga per acquisire visibilità. Lo scopo dell’elaborato è cercare di spiegare come possono essere utilizzati i principali strumenti e applicazioni di ultima generazione per gestire un’attività turistica (dalla fase di acquisizione di nuovi clienti a quella di fidelizzazione). Nel corso della nostra analisi sarà dunque presentato il caso pratico di un complesso turistico della zona

Optimal Incentives in a Principal-Agent Model with Endogenous Technology

One of the standard predictions of the agency theory is that more incentives can be given to agents with lower risk aversion. In this paper, we show that this relationship may be absent or reversed when the technology is endogenous and projects with a higher efficiency are also riskier. Using a modified version of the Holmstrom and Milgrom’s framework, we obtain that lower agent’s risk aversion unambiguously leads to higher incentives when the technology function linking efficiency and riskiness is elastic, while the risk aversion–incentive relationship can be positive when this function is rigid

Biochemische und genetische Analyse der Wechselwirkung von <em>Rhodococcus equi</em> mit Makrophagen

Rhodococcus equi ist ein Gram-positives, fakultativ intrazelluläres Bakterium, das in Fohlen unter anderem granulomatöse Bronchopneumonie verursacht. R. equi vermehrt sich in Makrophagen und ist zytotoxisch für Wirtszellen. Intrazelluläre Vermehrung und Zytotoxizität von R. equi hängen von der Anwesenheit eines Virulenzplasmids ab. In Makrophagen residiert R. equi in Phagosomen, die nicht mit Lysosomen fusionieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Kompartimentierung von R. equi in Makrophagen anhand gereinigter Phagosomen analysiert. R. equi-enthaltende Phagosomen erhielten die früh-endosomalen Marker EEA-1 und CoroninI transient und zu späteren Zeitpunkten die spät-endosomalen Proteine LAMP1 und Rab7, aber kein Cathepsin D oder pro-Cathepsin B. Phagosomen, die R. equi(+) enthielten, reicherten keine vATPase an und säuerten nicht an. Eine Ansäuerung von R. equi(+)-enthaltenden Phagosomen wurde auch nach 48 Stunden nicht beobachtet. In diesem nicht-sauren Kompartiment vermehrte sich R. equi intrazellulär in kommunalen Vakuolen. Rhodokokken ohne Virulenzplasmid konnten die Akquisition der vATPase und die Ansäuerung der Phagosomen dagegen nicht verhindern und sich auch nicht in Makrophagen vermehren. Um virulenzrelevante Gene des Virulenzplasmids zu identifizieren, wurde R. equi(-) mit Plasmiden transformiert, die große Bereiche der Pathogenitätsinsel enthielten. Rekombinante Rhodokokken, die kein VapA produzierten, konnten sich nicht in Makrophagen vermehren und waren nicht zytotoxisch. Die zusätzliche konstitutive Expression von vapA ermöglichte es einigen rekombinanten Stämmen sich in Makrophagen zu vermehren und Nekrose zu induzieren. Die Zytotoxizität der Bakterien war nicht von der intrazellulären Vermehrungsfähigkeit abhängig. Keiner der getesteten Stämme konnte die Fusion mit Lysosomen und die Ansäuerung der Phagosomen hemmen. Die Vermehrung rekombinanter Stämme erfolgte im Gegensatz zum Wildtyp in sauren Kompartimenten. Um die Rolle von VapA in der Zytotoxizität von R. equi und der veränderten Phagosomenreifung genauer zu analysieren wurde eine vapA-Mutante konstruiert und anschließend charakterisiert. Die vapA-Mutante konnte sich nicht mehr intrazellulär vermehren, war aber ebenso zytotoxisch wie der Wildtyp. Phagosomen mit R. equiΔvapA erhielten nach zwei Stunden die vATPase, säuerten aber nicht an und fusionierten nicht mit Lysosomen. Die phagosomale Ansäuerung konnte R. equiΔvapA zu späten Zeitpunkten allerdings nicht mehr verhindern. Anhand der Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit lässt sich sagen, dass die Zytotoxizität, die intrazelluläre Vermehrung und die veränderte Phagosomenreifung von R. equi(+) voneinander unabhängige Prozesse sind, in denen VapA und wahrscheinlich weitere Vap-Proteine eine zentrale Rolle einnehmen

Investigation on the Actual Robustness of GNSS-based Timing Distribution Under Meaconing and Spoofing Interferences

Long-term stability and accurate time synchronization are at the core of timing network facilities in several critical infrastructures, such as in telecommunication networks. In these applications, timing signals disciplined by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers, i.e., One Pulse-per-Second (1-PPS), complement Primary Reference Time Clocks (PRTCs) by compensating for long-term drifts of their embedded atomic clocks. However, GNSS receivers may expose timing distribution networks to Radio Frequency (RF) vulnerabilities being the cause of possible degraded or disrupted synchronization among the nodes. This paper presents a test methodology assessing the resilience of new GNSS timing receivers to different classes of intentional RF interferences. The analysis of the results compares the effects of practicable spoofing and meaconing attacks on the 1-PPS generated by three Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) GNSS timing receivers, currently employed in timing applications. On one hand, the results emphasised the robustness of State-of-the-Art (SoA) mitigation technologies compared to previous generations’ devices. On the other hand, the vulnerability of SoA receivers to meaconing attacks highlights the limits of such mitigation solutions that may turn to severe effects on telecommunication networks’ performance

Substantial contribution to climate change mitigation – a framework to define technical screening criteria for the EU taxonomy

The European Union has introduced a new policy tool to clarify which investments are to be considered environmentally sustainable: a taxonomy of environmentally sustainable economic activities. Regulation (EU) 2020/852 of the European Parliament and of the Council (the ‘Taxonomy Regulation’), defines the framework for the development of the EU taxonomy. It empowers the European Commission to define the taxonomy, i.e. the list of economic activities and associated technical screening criteria defining the required level of environmental performance. The European Commission will adopt the list of technical screening criteria in delegated acts. This report is an input to the work underlying the first delegated act under the Taxonomy Regulation, relating to activities making a substantial contribution to the first two objectives set out in the Regulation: climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation. This first delegated act should be adopted by the European Commission at the beginning of 2021. Building on the experience gained from working with the Technical Expert Group on Sustainable Finance (TEG) and on the set of recommendations the TEG provided to the European Commission, this report elaborates the concept of substantial contribution to an environmental objective and classifies the types of substantial contribution that an economic activity can make. It then illustrates which approaches can be used to define substantial contribution to climate change mitigation and elaborates on the conditions of applicability of each suggested approach. The requirements for technical screening criteria that are outlined in Article 19 of the Taxonomy Regulation are the basis for evaluating the suitability of each specific approach. This report also discusses the elements to be considered for setting the level of ambition of the technical screening criteria and how the technical screening criteria can result from combining the different elements analysed.JRC.B.5 - Circular Economy and Industrial Leadershi

“Il caso dei derivati del Comune di Milano e la crisi del sistema economico finanziario: il modello di deterrenza del D.lgs n. 231/01 riletto alla prova della realtà”

I n questo breve lavoro si cercherà di analizzare quelle che sono le principali ra- gioni che sembrano aver determinato uno dei più grandi insuccessi nella storia della regolamentazione dei mercati cercando di darne una lettura in termini di struttura degli incentivi e dell’informazione. Dapprima si mostrerà come le cause della crisi del sistema economico finanzia- rio che ha avuto origine negli Stati Uniti e la vicenda dei derivati del Comune di Milano, culminato con la sentenza n. 13976 del dicembre 2012, mostrano comune origini. Si tratteggeranno poi i contenuti del D.lgs n. 231/01, alla base della sentenza di Milano, descrivendone la portata innovativa soprattutto alla luce dell’analisi economica del diritto. Infine si cercherà di spostare l’attenzione sulle dinamiche generatrici dell’attuale grande crisi economica per mostrate in che modo l’interpretazione della magistratura italiana trova riscontro nelle analisi provenienti da oltreoceano. L’attenzione verrà posta sulla capacità deterrente degli attuali dispositivi normativi che dovrebbero servire ad arginare comportamenti individuali e societari che si sono dimostrati capaci di generare sconvolgimenti dai costi imprevedibili. Alcune brevi considerazioni sull’adeguatezza di provve- dimenti quali il D.lgs n. 231/01 nella lotta ai reati finanziari concludono il lavoro

Il caso dei derivati del Comune di Milano e la crisi del sistema economico finanziario: il modello di deterrenza del D.Lgs n.231/01 riletto alla prova della realtà

Aim of this brief article is to analyze the reasons that appear as the main responsible of the probably most important market regulation failure after the ’29. This analysis will be done using incentives structure and information mechanisms as trigger issues. First the origins of USA economic crisis will be compared with the Italian case of Milan municipality derivatives that brought to judgement n. 13976 made in december 2012. Second contents and structure of D.lgs n. 231/01, applied in the judgment disposal, will be described highlighting their elements of innovation in a law and economic perspective. Finally it will be shown how the causes of the American economic crisis have influenced the Milan judiciary system which focused its action on the poor efficacy of regulation mechanisms in curbing individual and company toxic behaviors that have been able to create a financial shock of such unpredictable value. An brief evaluation of the efficacy of crime legal instrument.In questo breve lavoro si cercherà di analizzare quelle che sono le principali ragioni che sembrano aver determinato uno dei più grandi insuccessi nella storia della regolamentazione dei mercati cercando di darne una lettura in termini di struttura degli incentivi e dell’informazione.Dapprima si mostrerà come le cause della crisi del sistema economico finanziario che ha avuto origine negli Stati Uniti e la vicenda dei derivati del Comune di Milano, culminato con la sentenza n. 13976 del dicembre 2012, mostrano comune origini. Si tratteggeranno poi i contenuti del D.lgs 231/01, alla base della sentenza di Milano, descrivendone la portata innovativa soprattutto alla luce dell’analisi economica del diritto. Infine si cercherà di spostare l’attenzione sulle dinamiche generatrici dell’attuale grande crisi economica per mostrate in che modo l’interpretazione della magistratura italiana trova riscontro nelle analisi provenienti da oltreoceano. L’attenzione verrà posta sulla capacità deterrente degli attuali dispositivi normativi che dovrebbero servire ad arginare comportamenti individuali e societari che si sono dimostrati capaci di generare sconvolgimenti dai costi imprevedibili. Alcune brevi considerazioni sull’adeguatezza di provvedimenti quali il D.lgs 231/01 nella lotta ai reati finanziari concludono il lavoro.DOI: 10.4459/STU.2013.004.I

Development of the EU Sustainable Finance Taxonomy - A framework for defining substantial contribution for environmental objectives 3-6

The European Union has introduced a new policy tool to define which investments can be considered environmentally sustainable: a taxonomy of environmentally sustainable economic activities (“the EU Taxonomy”). Regulation (EU) 2020/852 of the European Parliament and the Council (the ‘Taxonomy Regulation’), establishes the framework for its development and use. It empowers the European Commission to define the actual taxonomy, i.e. the list of economic activities and associated technical screening criteria setting out the required level of environmental performance. This list of economic activities and the accompanying technical screening criteria will be adopted in delegated acts. This report is an input to the work of developing technical screening criteria for activities substantially contributing to four remaining environmental objectives defined in the Taxonomy Regulation. It proposes a methodological framework and a step-by-step process to draft criteria for economic activities substantially contributing to an objective: from the identification of the type of substantial contribution the economic activity can make, the selection of the most suitable approach to draft the technical screening criteria and the setting of the level of ambition expected to consider that contribution substantial. The report then explores how the conceptual framework can be applied in practice for each of the four environmental objectives considered.JRC.B.5 - Circular Economy and Industrial Leadershi

Nanosecond-Level Resilient GNSS-Based Time Synchronization in Telecommunication Networks Through WR-PTP HA

In recent years, the push for accurate and reliable time synchronization has gained momentum in critical infrastructures, especially in telecommunication networks, driven by the demands of 5G new radio and next-generation technologies that rely on submicrosecond timing accuracy for radio access network (RAN) nodes. Traditionally, atomic clocks paired with global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) timing receivers have served as grand master clocks, supported by dedicated network timing protocols. However, this approach struggles to scale with the increasing numbers of RAN intermediate nodes. To address scalability and high-accuracy synchronization, a more cost-effective and capillary solution is needed. Standalone GNSS timing receivers leverage ubiquitous satellite signals to offer stable timing signals but can expose networks to radio-frequency attacks due to the consequent proliferation of GNSS antennas. Our research introduces a solution by combining the white rabbit precise time protocol with a backup timing source logic acting in case of timing disruptive attacks against GNSS for resilient GNSS-based network synchronization. It has been rigorously tested against common jamming, meaconing, and spoofing attacks, consistently maintaining 2 ns relative synchronization accuracy between nodes, all without the need for an atomic clock