The infectiousness of tuberculosis patients coinfected with HIV

The current understanding of airborne tuberculosis (TB) transmission is based on classic 1950s studies in which guinea pigs were exposed to air from a tuberculosis ward. Recently we recreated this model in Lima, Peru, and in this paper we report the use of molecular fingerprinting to investigate patient infectiousness in the current era of HIV infection and multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB

Incidencia técnica económica en uso de viguetas pretensadas para losas aligeradas en construcción de viviendas multifamiliares San Juan de Lurigancho

La investigación titulada: Evaluación técnica y económica del sistema prefabricado en losa con viguetas pretensadas en edificio multifamiliar en San Juan de Lurigancho. Tuvo como objetivo determinar que utilizando viguetas pretensadas en la construcción de losas incrementó la productividad en la obra del edificio multifamiliar de San Juan de Lurigancho. La autora Castillo María (2012) sostiene al respecto de las viguetas y su utilidad la necesidad de evaluar: costo del elemento, peso del elemento, agregados y componentes y la productividad según el autor García Cantú, Alfonso (2011) Costo de construcción de losa con el sistema de viguetas pretensadas, peso de losa con el sistema de viguetas pretensadas y tiempo de construcción de losas. La investigación fue de tipo aplicada, de diseño no experimental, y para la recolección de datos se utilizó la técnica de la metrados de partidas, análisis de precios unitarios, encuesta y cuestionario. A su vez en la presente tesis se realizará un análisis comparativo a nivel económico y estructural entre el sistema de entrepisos de viguetas prefabricadas y el sistema de entrepisos convencional. Los resultados de la investigación en función al objetivo general se describieron que el uso de viguetas pretensadas en la construcción de losa de la obra del edificio multifamiliar de San Juan de Lurigancho aligerada es 25% menor que la losa construida con el sistema convencional porque son económicas, optimizan tiempos e incrementa la producción de la obr

Exploring the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Precision Photonics: A Case Study on Deep Neural Network-Based fs Laser Pulsed Parameter Estimation for MoOx Formation

Ultrafast pulsed laser technology presents unique challenges and opportunities in material processing and characterization for precision photonics. Herein, an experiment is conducted involving the use of an ultrafast pulsed laser to irradiate a molybdenum film, inducing oxide formation. A total of 54 experiments are performed, varying the laser irradiation time and per-pulse laser fluence, resulting in a database with diverse oxide formations on the material. This dataset is further expanded numerically through interpolation to 187 samples. Subsequently, eight different deep neural network models, each with varying hidden layers and numbers of neurons, are employed to characterize the laser behavior with different parameters. These models are then validated numerically using three different learning rates, and the results are statistically evaluated using three metrics: mean squared error, mean absolute error, and R2 score.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The Cuba-United States Thaw: Building Bridges Through Science and Global Health.

AbstractBeginning in 2014, there has been significant progress in normalization of relations between Cuba and the United States. Herein, we discuss the history and recent progress in scientific collaboration between the two countries as well as the continued challenges. Science and global health diplomacy can be key tools in reestablishing a trusting and productive relationship of mutual and global benefit, bringing about better and healthier lives for people in both Cuba and the United States

What Research Is Needed to Stop TB? Introducing the TB Research Movement

Christian Lienhardt and colleagues describe the development of the TB Research Movement, which aims to create a framework for concrete actions to harmonize and synergize TB research efforts globally

Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis Management in Resource-limited Settings

Managing MDRTB through national programs can yield results similar to those seen in wealthier settings

Molecular profiling of drug resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil

Drug resistance is a global threat and one of the main contributing factors to tuberculosis (TB) outbreaks. The goal of this study was to analyse the molecular profile of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in the state of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil. Fifty-three MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates were analysed by spoligotyping and a partial region of the rpoB gene, which is associated with rifampicin resistance (RMP-R), was sequenced. Some isolates were also distinguished by their mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU). S531L was the most prevalent mutation found within rpoB in RMP-R isolates (58.5%), followed by S531W (20.8%). Only two MDR isolates showed no mutations within rpoB. Isolates of the Latin American Mediterranean (LAM) family were the most prevalent (45.3%) found by spoligotyping, followed by Haarlem (9.4%) and T (7.5%) families. SIT106 was found in 26.4% of isolates and all SIT106 isolates typed by MIRU-12 (5 out of 14) belong to MIT251. There was a high correlation between the S531W mutation and the LAM family mainly because all SIT2263 (LAM9) isolates carry this mutation. Among isolates with the S531W mutation in rpoB MIRU demonstrates a cluster formed by four isolates (SIT2263 and MIT163) and very similar profiles were observed between eight of the nine isolates. Better characterisation of TB isolates may lead to new ways in which to control and treat TB in this region of Brazil

Global, regional, and national estimates of tuberculosis incidence and case detection among incarcerated individuals from 2000 to 2019: a systematic analysis.

People who are incarcerated are at high risk of developing tuberculosis. We aimed to estimate the annual global, regional, and national incidence of tuberculosis among incarcerated populations from 2000 to 2019. We collected and aggregated data for tuberculosis incidence and prevalence estimates among incarcerated individuals in published and unpublished literature, annual tuberculosis notifications among incarcerated individuals at the country level, and the annual number of incarcerated individuals at the country level. We developed a joint hierarchical Bayesian meta-regression framework to simultaneously model tuberculosis incidence, notifications, and prevalence from 2000 to 2019. Using this model, we estimated trends in absolute tuberculosis incidence and notifications, the incidence and notification rates, and the case detection ratio by year, country, region, and globally. In 2019, we estimated a total of 125 105 (95% credible interval [CrI] 93 736-165 318) incident tuberculosis cases among incarcerated individuals globally. The estimated incidence rate per 100 000 person-years overall was 1148 (95% CrI 860-1517) but varied greatly by WHO region, from 793 (95% CrI 430-1342) in the Eastern Mediterranean region to 2242 (1515-3216) in the African region. Global incidence per 100 000 person-years between 2000 and 2012 among incarcerated individuals decreased from 1884 (95% CrI 1394-2616) to 1205 (910-1615); however, from 2013 onwards, tuberculosis incidence per 100 000 person-years was stable, from 1183 (95% CrI 876-1596) in 2013 to 1148 (860-1517) in 2019. In 2019, the global case detection ratio was estimated to be 53% (95% CrI 42-64), the lowest over the study period. Our estimates suggest a high tuberculosis incidence rate among incarcerated individuals globally with large gaps in tuberculosis case detection. Tuberculosis in incarcerated populations must be addressed with interventions specifically tailored to improve diagnoses and prevent transmission as a part of the broader global tuberculosis control effort. National Institutes of Health. [Abstract copyright: This is an Open Access article published under the CC BY 3.0 IGO license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In any use of this article, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organisation, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article's original URL.