Geometric factors influencing the diet of vertebrate predators in marine and terrestrial environments

Predator–prey relationships are vital to ecosystem function and there is a need for greater predictive understanding of these interactions. We develop a geometric foraging model predicting minimum prey size scaling in marine and terrestrial vertebrate predators taking into account habitat dimensionality and biological traits. Our model predicts positive predator–prey size relationships on land but negative relationships in the sea. To test the model, we compiled data on diets of 794 predators (mammals, snakes, sharks and rays). Consistent with predictions, both terrestrial endotherm and ectotherm predators have significantly positive predator–prey size relationships. Marine predators, however, exhibit greater variation. Some of the largest predators specialise on small invertebrates while others are large vertebrate specialists. Prey–predator mass ratios were generally higher for ectothermic than endothermic predators, although dietary patterns were similar. Model-based simulations of predator–prey relationships were consistent with observed relationships, suggestin

Thioredoxin reductase 1 suppresses adipocyte differentiation and insulin responsiveness

Recently thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1), encoded by Txnrd1, was suggested to modulate glucose and lipid metabolism in mice. Here we discovered that TrxR1 suppresses insulin responsiveness, anabolic metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. Immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking Txnrd1 (Txnrd1−/−) displayed increased metabolic flux, glycogen storage, lipogenesis and adipogenesis. This phenotype coincided with upregulated PPARγ expression, promotion of mitotic clonal expansion and downregulation of p27 and p53. Enhanced Akt activation also contributed to augmented adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity. Knockdown of TXNRD1 transcripts accelerated adipocyte differentiation also in human primary preadipocytes. Furthermore, TXNRD1 transcript levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue from 56 women were inversely associated with insulin sensitivity in vivo and lipogenesis in their isolated adipocytes. These results suggest that TrxR1 suppresses anabolic metabolism and adipogenesis by inhibition of intracellular signaling pathways downstream of insulin stimulationThis study was supported by funding to ESJA from Karolinska Institutet, The Swedish Research Council, The Swedish Cancer Society, to MR from the Strategic Research Program in Diabetes and to ACG from Diabetesfonden and a “Ramón y Cajal” fellowship (RYC-2014-15792) from Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitivida

Thermodynamic Limits on Magnetodynamos in Rocky Exoplanets

To ascertain whether magnetic dynamos operate in rocky exoplanets more massive or hotter than the Earth, we developed a parametric model of a differentiated rocky planet and its thermal evolution. Our model reproduces the established properties of Earth's interior and magnetic field at the present time. When applied to Venus, assuming that planet lacks plate tectonics and has a dehydrated mantle with an elevated viscosity, the model shows that the dynamo shuts down or never operated. Our model predicts that at a fixed planet mass, dynamo history is sensitive to core size, but not to the initial inventory of long-lived, heat-producing radionuclides. It predicts that rocky planets larger than 2.5 Earth masses will not develop inner cores because the temperature-pressure slope of the iron solidus becomes flatter than that of the core adiabat. Instead, iron "snow" will condense near or at the top of these cores, and the net transfer of latent heat upwards will suppress convection and a dynamo. More massive planets can have anemic dynamos due to core cooling, but only if they have mobile lids (plate tectonics). The lifetime of these dynamos is shorter with increasing planet mass but longer with higher surface temperature. Massive Venus-like planets with stagnant lids and more viscous mantles will lack dynamos altogether. We identify two alternative sources of magnetic fields on rocky planets: eddy currents induced in the hot or molten upper layers of planets on very short period orbits, and dynamos in the ionic conducting layers of "ocean" planets with ~10% mass in an upper mantle of water (ice).Comment: Accepted to The Astrophysical Journa

Innovation in patient-centered care: lessons from a qualitative study of innovative health care organizations in Washington State

Background Growing interest in the promise of patient-centered care has led to numerous health care innovations, including the patient-centered medical home, shared decision-making, and payment reforms. How best to vet and adopt innovations is an open question. Washington State has been a leader in health care reform and is a rich laboratory for patient-centered innovations. We sought to understand the process of patient-centered care innovation undertaken by innovative health care organizations – from strategic planning to goal selection to implementation to maintenance. Methods We conducted key-informant interviews with executives at five health plans, five provider organizations, and ten primary care clinics in Washington State. At least two readers of each interview transcript identified themes inductively; final themes were determined by consensus. Results Innovation in patient-centered care was a strategic objective chosen by nearly every organization in this study. However, other goals were paramount: cost containment, quality improvement, and organization survival. Organizations commonly perceived effective chronic disease management and integrated health information technology as key elements for successful patient-centered care innovation. Inertia, resource deficits, fee-for-service payment, and regulatory limits on scope of practice were cited as barriers to innovation, while organization leadership, human capital, and adaptive culture facilitated innovation. Conclusions Patient-centered care innovations reflected organizational perspectives: health plans emphasized cost-effectiveness while providers emphasized health care delivery processes. Health plans and providers shared many objectives, yet the two rarely collaborated to achieve them. The process of innovation is heavily dependent on organizational culture and leadership. Policymakers can improve the pace and quality of patient-centered innovation by setting targets and addressing conditions for innovation

An integrated approach to modelling the fluid-structure interaction of a collapsible tube

The well known collapsible tube experiment was conducted to obtain flow, pressure and materials property data for steady state conditions. These were then used as the boundary conditions for a fully coupled fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model using a propriety computer code, LS-DYNA. The shape profiles for the tube were also recorded. In order to obtain similar collapse modes to the experiment, it was necessary to model the tube flat, and then inflate it into a circular profile, leaving residual stresses in the walls. The profile shape then agreed well with the experimental ones. Two departures from the physical properties were required to reduce computer time to an acceptable level. One of these was the lowering of the speed of sound by two orders of magnitude which, due to the low velocities involved, still left the mach number below 0.2. The other was to increase the thickness of the tube to prevent the numerical collapse of elements. A compensation for this was made by lowering the Young's modulus for the tube material. Overall the results are qualitatively good. They give an indication of the power of the current FSI algorithms and the need to combine experiment and computer models in order to maximise the information that can be extracted both in terms of quantity and quality

Ion pairing versus water structure modifications

The effect of monovalent cations (Li+, K+, NH4 +, Na +) on the water structure in aqueous chloride and acetate solutions was characterized by oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray emission spectroscopy, and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) of a liquid microjet. We show ion- and counterion dependent effects on the emission spectra of the oxygen K-edge, which we attribute to modifications of the hydrogen bond network of water. For acetates, ion pairing with carboxylates was also probed selectively by XAS and RIXS. We correlate our experimental results to speciation data and to the salting-out properties of the cations

Communicated by Michael Meyer

In diesem Artikel wird ein mathematisches Modell entwickelt für die Ausbreitung des Wollschafs unter Hirten im Nahen Osten und in Südosteuropa zwischen 6200 und 4200 v. Chr. In unserem Modell werden Hirten als Agenten betrachtet, deren Bewegungen durch Zufallsprozesse gesteuert werden, sodass sich die Agenten mit größerer Wahrscheinlichkeit in Regionen aufhalten, die attraktiv für die Schafhaltung sind. Das Modell berücksichtigt außerdem soziale Interaktionen zwischen Agenten und erlaubt die Weitergabe der Innovation zwischen Agenten mit einer bestimmten Wahrscheinlichkeit. Die Parameter des agentenbasierten Modells werden an die verfügbaren archäologischen Daten angepasst. Ein Simulationsverfahren für die räumliche und zeitliche Entwicklung des Ausbreitungsprozesses soll es ermöglichen, qualitative Effekte von verschiedenen Aspekten zu studieren, die den Ausbreitungsprozess beeinflussen

Datasets for generic relation extraction

A vast amount of usable electronic data is in the form of unstructured text. The relation extraction task aims to identify useful information in text (e.g. PersonW works for OrganisationX, GeneY encodes ProteinZ) and recode it in a format such as a relational database or RDF triplestore that can be more effectively used for querying and automated reasoning. A number of resources have been developed for training and evaluating automatic systems for relation extraction in different domains. However, comparative evaluation is impeded by the fact that these corpora use different markup formats and notions of what constitutes a relation. We describe the preparation of corpora for comparative evaluation of relation extraction across domains based on the publicly available ACE 2004, ACE 2005 and BioInfer data sets. We present a common document type using token standoff and including detailed linguistic markup, while maintaining all information in the original annotation. The subsequent reannotation process normalises the two data sets so that they comply with a notion of relation that is intuitive, simple and informed by the semantic web. For the ACE data, we describe an automatic process that automatically converts many relations involving nested, nominal entity mentions to relations involving non-nested, named or pronominal entity mentions. For example, the first entity is mapped from 'one' to 'Amidu Berry' in the membership relation described in 'Amidu Berry, one half of PBS'. Moreover, we describe a comparably reannotated version of the BioInfer corpus that flattens nested relations, maps part-whole to part-part relations and maps n-ary to binary relations. Finally, we summarise experiments that compare approaches to generic relation extraction, a knowledge discovery task that uses minimally supervised techniques to achieve maximally portable extractors. These experiments illustrate the utility of the corpora.39 page(s

Etablierung von Mausstämmen defizient für die Selenoproteine mitochondriale Thioredoxin-Reduktase und Phospholipid-Hydroperoxid-Glutathion-Peroxidase (PHGPx) und Charakterisierung einer Spermienkern-spezifischen Form der PHGPx

Das Gen des Selenoproteins PHGPx war in der Arbeitsgruppe im Verlaufe einer Expressionsklonierung als antiapoptotisches Gen für Burkitt-Lymphom-Zellen kloniert worden. Die Komplexität der kotranslationalen Inkorporation von Selenocystein, welches bei Selenoenzymen Teil des reaktiven Zentrums ist, limitiert die Überexpression und erschwert die funktionelle Analyse der Selenoproteine sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo. Die PHGPx und das ebenfalls Selenocystein-abhängige mitochondriale Thioredoxin/Thioredoxin-Reduktase-System sind bei der Detoxifikation von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies beteiligt, die in der mitochondrialen Atmungskette erzeugt werden. Im Gegensatz zur PHGPx vermittelt die Thioredoxin- Reduktase ihre Schutzfunktion vor oxidativem Stress über Thioredoxin-abhängige Peroxidasen, die sogenannten Peroxiredoxine. Aufgrund einer möglichen Redundanz beider Systeme sollten beide Gene in Mäusen gezielt zerstört und bei Bedarf doppel-knock-out-Tiere erzeugt werden. Da das Fehlen der funktionellen, mitochondrialen Thioredoxin-Reduktase möglicherweise nicht mit dem Leben vereinbar ist, wurden Mäuse unter Verwendung des Cre/loxP-Rekombinationssystems etabliert, bei welchen das Gen zunächst aktiv ist. Die Inaktivierung der Thioredoxin-Reduktase 3 erfolgte durch Einkreuzen von transgenen Mäusen, die die Cre-Rekombinase in allen Geweben exprimieren. Die aus dieser Verpaarung abstammenden, heterozygoten knock-out-Mäuse zeigen keinen offensichtlichen Phänotyp. Erste Ergebnisse zeigen, dass homozygote TR3 knock-out-Mäuse wahrscheinlich embryonal oder perinatal letal sind. Bei der Inaktivierung des PHGPx-Gens in Mäusen wurden zwei Strategien verfolgt. Die lacZ knock-in-Strategie sollte ermöglichen, die Gewebeexpression der PHGPx zu studieren. Die konditionale knock-out-Strategie wurde parallel verfolgt, weil zu Beginn der Arbeit nicht abzusehen war, ob homozygote PHGPx knock-out-Mäuse lebensfähig sind oder ob Probleme mit der männlichen Fertilität zu erwarten sind. Schon lange war bekannt, dass die PHGPx im Hoden hoch exprimiert ist. Wie sich dann im Laufe dieser Arbeit herausstellte, handelte es sich bei dem konditionalen PHGPx knock-out ebenfalls um einen direkten knock-out. Durch die beabsichtigte konditionale knock-out-Strategie wurde ein Spermienkern-spezifisches, alternatives Exon des PHGPx-Gens zerstört. Diese neue Form der PHGPx wurde kloniert, das Hoden-spezifische Expressionsmuster und die Kernlokalisation des alternativenExons durch GFP-Fusionsproteine gezeigt. Geleitet von den in dieser Arbeit und von Ursini et al. (1999) beschriebenen neuen Funktionen der PHGPx in der Spermatogenese und den vergeblichen Versuchen, das veränderte PHGPx-Allel in Mäusen in die Keimbahn zu bekommen, wurden die Hoden und Spermien von den PHGPx- Chimären analysiert. Die Analyse der Chimären zeigte einen Phänotyp der partiellen Hodenatrophie und schweren Missbildungen der Spermien, der dem von Selendefizienten Nagetieren sehr ähnlich ist. Die bei diesen Chimären beobachtete Haploinsuffizienz führte zu der Entscheidung, die konditionale knock-out-Strategie für PHGPx zu ändern. Letztendlich gelang es, mit der neuen konditionalen knock-out- Strategie Keimbahntransmission zu erhalten. Dadurch wurde nicht nur das gesteckte Ziel, ein Maus knock-out-Modell für die PHGPx zu etablieren, erreicht, sondern es wurden viele zusätzlich wichtige neue Erkenntnisse über die Struktur und Funktion der PHGPx in der Spermienreifung gewonnen. Die Cre-vermittelte Inaktivierung des konditionalen PHGPx-Allels wird in Kürze erwartet

Selenoprotein gene nomenclature

The human genome contains 25 genes coding for selenocysteine-containing proteins (selenoproteins). These proteins are involved in a variety of functions, most notably redox homeostasis. Selenoprotein enzymes with known functions are designated according to these functions: TXNRD1, TXNRD2, and TXNRD3 (thioredoxin reductases), GPX1, GPX2, GPX3, GPX4 and GPX6 (glutathione peroxidases), DIO1, DIO2, and DIO3 (iodothyronine deiodinases), MSRB1 (methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase 1) and SEPHS2 (selenophosphate synthetase 2). Selenoproteins without known functions have traditionally been denoted by SEL or SEP symbols. However, these symbols are sometimes ambiguous and conflict with the approved nomenclature for several other genes. Therefore, there is a need to implement a rational and coherent nomenclature system for selenoprotein-encoding genes. Our solution is to use the root symbol SELENO followed by a letter. This nomenclature applies to SELENOF (selenoprotein F, the 15 kDa selenoprotein, SEP15), SELENOH (selenoprotein H, SELH, C11orf31), SELENOI (selenoprotein I, SELI, EPT1), SELENOK (selenoprotein K, SELK), SELENOM (selenoprotein M, SELM), SELENON (selenoprotein N, SEPN1, SELN), SELENOO (selenoprotein O, SELO), SELENOP (selenoprotein P, SeP, SEPP1, SELP), SELENOS (selenoprotein S, SELS, SEPS1, VIMP), SELENOT (selenoprotein T, SELT), SELENOV (selenoprotein V, SELV) and SELENOW (selenoprotein W, SELW, SEPW1). This system, approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, also resolves conflicting, missing and ambiguous designations for selenoprotein genes and is applicable to selenoproteins across vertebrates