Gonzaga, “lira xix” e a mulher: Identificando os operadores de leitura da poesia na produção de sentidos e avaliando seu aprendizado em sala de aula

Anais e artigos do 28º Fórum Acadêmico de Letras, realizado nos dias 23 a 25 de agosto de 2017 na Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (Unila) e Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (Unioeste) com tema: A pesquisa nos cursos de letras em contexto de línguas e culturas em contato.O presente artigo é resultado de uma análise produzida na matéria de Introdução aos Estudos Literários, do Curso de Letras Alemão/Espanhol/Inglês da UNIOESTE - campus de Marechal Cândido Rondon, cujo corpus é a “Lira XIX”, de Tomás Antônio Gonzaga, analisado a partir dos quatro estratos/níveis para leitura de poemas, a saber: gráfico, fônico, morfossintático e semântico. A seguinte análise tem como finalidade apresentar uma melhor visualização de como estes quatro níveis aparecem dentro do poema e como eles dialogam entre si para a formação de sentidos. Ademais, a partir dos mesmos, no decorrer da produção deste trabalho, foi possível contemplar o contexto e as marcas históricas que demonstram o papel da mulher na sociedade no século XVIII relacionado à maternidade, este último como algo intrínseco a mesma. Por fim, a conclusão do trabalho visa a ressaltar a importância de análises como a descrita acima tanto para o aprendizado dos estratos supracitados e demais elementos que envolvem a leitura e interpretação de poemas quanto para a formação do acadêmico como futuro docente mediador de leitura literári

Alcohol affects neuronal substrates of response inhibition but not of perceptual processing of stimuli signalling a stop response

Alcohol impairs inhibitory control, including the ability to terminate an initiated action. While there is increasing knowledge about neural mechanisms involved in response inhibition, the level at which alcohol impairs such mechanisms remains poorly understood. Thirty-nine healthy social drinkers received either 0.4g/kg or 0.8g/kg of alcohol, or placebo, and performed two variants of a Visual Stop-signal task during acquisition of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. The two task variants differed only in their instructions: in the classic variant (VSST), participants inhibited their response to a “Go-stimulus” when it was followed by a “Stop-stimulus”. In the control variant (VSST_C), participants responded to the “Go-stimulus” even if it was followed by a “Stop-stimulus”. Comparison of successful Stop-trials (Sstop)>Go, and unsuccessful Stop-trials (Ustop)>Sstop between the three beverage groups enabled the identification of alcohol effects on functional neural circuits supporting inhibitory behaviour and error processing. Alcohol impaired inhibitory control as measured by the Stop-signal reaction time, but did not affect other aspects of VSST performance, nor performance on the VSST_C. The low alcohol dose evoked changes in neural activity within prefrontal, temporal, occipital and motor cortices. The high alcohol dose evoked changes in activity in areas affected by the low dose but importantly induced changes in activity within subcortical centres including the globus pallidus and thalamus. Alcohol did not affect neural correlates of perceptual processing of infrequent cues, as revealed by conjunction analyses of VSST and VSST_C tasks. Alcohol ingestion compromises the inhibitory control of action by modulating cortical regions supporting attentional, sensorimotor and action-planning processes. At higher doses the impact of alcohol also extends to affect subcortical nodes of fronto-basal ganglia- thalamo-cortical motor circuits. In contrast, alcohol appears to have little impact on the early visual processing of infrequent perceptual cues. These observations clarify clinically-important effects of alcohol on behaviour

Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks: Consumption Patterns and Motivations for Use in U.S. College Students

Binge drinking in college students is widespread and known to cause significant harms and health hazards for the drinker. One factor that may be exacerbating hazardous drinking in young people is the new popular trend of consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED). However, rates of AmED use and motivations for AmED consumption in college students have not been well established. In this study, 706 undergraduate college students from a university in the United States participated in a web-based survey that queried self-reported alcohol, energy drink, and AmED use. In addition, motivations for using AmEDs were assessed. The results indicated that for all participants, 81% reported that they have tried at least one energy drink in the past and 36% reported consumption of at least one energy drink in the past 2 weeks. Alcohol consumption patterns were similar to findings from U.S. national surveys of college drinking, as 37% of respondents were classified as binge drinkers and 23% abstained from drinking. In the whole sample (including the alcohol abstainers), 44% reported trying AmED at least once and 9% reported AmED consumption at least once in the past 2 weeks. 78% of respondents agreed with the statement that AmEDs appeal to underage drinkers. When AmED users were asked about various motivations for consuming AmEDs, users reported that they consumed these beverages to get drunk and reduce sedation compared to alcohol alone. In conclusion, the consumption of AmEDs is common in U.S. college students. Motivations for using AmEDs include the reduction of the sedative effects of alcohol, an important interoceptive cue that one should stop drinking

Energy drink use, problem drinking and drinking motives in a diverse sample of Alaskan college students

Background. Recent research has identified the use of caffeinated energy drinks as a common, potentially risky behaviour among college students that is linked to alcohol misuse and consequences. Research also suggests that energy drink consumption is related to other risky behaviours such as tobacco use, marijuana use and risky sexual activity. Objective. This research sought to examine the associations between frequency of energy drink consumption and problematic alcohol use, alcohol-related consequences, symptoms of alcohol dependence and drinking motives in an ethnically diverse sample of college students in Alaska. We also sought to examine whether ethnic group moderated these associations in the present sample of White, Alaska Native/American Indian and other ethnic minority college students. Design. A paper-and-pencil self-report questionnaire was completed by a sample of 298 college students. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine the effects of energy drink use, ethnic group and energy drink by ethnic group interactions on alcohol outcomes after controlling for variance attributed to gender, age and frequency of binge drinking. Results. Greater energy drink consumption was significantly associated with greater hazardous drinking, alcohol consequences, alcohol dependence symptoms, drinking for enhancement motives and drinking to cope. There were no main effects of ethnic group, and there were no significant energy drink by ethnic group interactions. Conclusion. These findings replicate those of other studies examining the associations between energy drink use and alcohol problems, but contrary to previous research we did not find ethnic minority status to be protective. It is possible that energy drink consumption may serve as a marker for other health risk behaviours among students of various ethnic groups

Down and out in London: addictive behaviors in homelessness

Backgrounds and aims: Problem gambling occurs at higher levels in the homeless than the general population. Past work has not established the extent to which problem gambling is a cause or consequence of homelessness. This study sought to replicate recent observations of elevated rates of problem gambling in a British homeless sample, and extend that finding by characterizing (a) the temporal sequencing of the effect, (b) relationships with drug and alcohol misuse, and (c) awareness and access of treatment services for gambling by the homeless. Methods: We recruited 72 participants from homeless centers in Westminster, London, and used the Problem Gambling Severity Index to assess gambling involvement, as well as DSM-IV criteria for substance and alcohol use disorders. A life-events scale was administered to establish the temporal ordering of problem gambling and homelessness. Results: Problem gambling was evident in 23.6% of the sample. In participants who endorsed any gambling symptomatology, the majority were categorized as problem gamblers. Within those problem gamblers, 82.4% indicated that gambling preceded their homelessness. Participants displayed high rates of substance (31.9%) and alcohol dependence (23.6%); these were not correlated with PGSI scores. Awareness of treatment for gambling was significantly lower than for substance and alcohol use disorders, and actual access of gambling support was minimal. Discussion and conclusions: Problem gambling is an under-recognized health issue in the homeless. Our observation that gambling typically precedes homelessness strengthens its role as a causal factor. Despite the elevated prevalence rates, awareness and utilization of gambling support opportunities were low compared with services for substance use disorders

Faster Self-Paced Rate of Drinking for Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks Versus Alcohol Alone

The consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) has been associated with higher rates of binge drinking and impaired driving when compared with alcohol alone. However, it remains unclear why the risks of use of AmED are heightened compared with alcohol alone even when the doses of alcohol consumed are similar. Therefore, the purpose of this laboratory study was to investigate if the rate of self-paced beverage consumption was faster for a dose of AmED versus alcohol alone using a double-blind, within-subjects, placebo-controlled study design. Participants (n = 16) of equal gender who were social drinkers attended 4 separate test sessions that involved consumption of alcohol (1.97 ml/kg vodka) and energy drinks, alone and in combination. On each test day, the dose assigned was divided into 10 cups. Participants were informed that they would have a 2-h period to consume the 10 drinks. After the self-paced drinking period, participants completed a cued go/no-go reaction time (RT) task and subjective ratings of stimulation and sedation. The results indicated that participants consumed the AmED dose significantly faster (by approximately 16 minutes) than the alcohol dose. For the performance task, participants\u27 mean RTs were slower in the alcohol conditions and faster in the energy-drink conditions. In conclusion, alcohol consumers should be made aware that rapid drinking might occur for AmED beverages, thus heightening alcohol-related safety risks. The fast rate of drinking may be related to the generalized speeding of responses after energy-drink consumption

Heightened impulsivity: associated with family history of alcohol misuse, and a consequence of alcohol intake

BACKGROUND Youths with family history (FH) of alcoholism are at greater risk of developing alcohol use disorder (AUD); heightened impulsive behavior may underlie such increased vulnerability. Here, we studied waiting impulsivity (previously suggested to predispose to alcohol drinking) in young moderate-to-heavy social drinkers (18 to 33 years old) characterized as family history positive (FHP) and negative (FHN) following an alcoholic or nonalcoholic (placebo) drink. METHODS Two groups of young male and female social drinkers (n = 64) were administered an acute dose of alcohol (0.8 g/kg) or placebo. One group (FHP; n = 24) had first-degree relatives with problems of alcohol misuse; the other group (FHN) did not. Participants completed 4 variants of the Sx-5CSRTT, a task measuring waiting impulsivity. In addition, other types of impulsive behavior were tested (by means of the stop-signal task [SST]; information sampling task [IST]; Delay Discounting Questionnaire; 2-choice impulsivity paradigm; and time estimation task). RESULTS Young FHP adults showed more premature responding than FHN when evaluated under increased attentional load (high waiting impulsivity), while, in contrast, they presented a more conservative strategy on the IST (less impulsive behavior), compared to FHN. Acute alcohol impaired inhibitory control on the SST in all participants, and induced a marginal increase of premature responses, but did not affect other measures of impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS Assessing for exaggerated waiting impulsivity may provide a potential endophenotype associated with risk for the development of alcohol addiction (i.e., offspring of alcoholics)

The acute effects of caffeinated versus non-caffeinated alcoholic beverage on driving performance and attention/reaction time

Marketing that promotes mixing caffeinated ‘energy’ drinks with alcoholic beverages (e.g. Red Bull with vodka) targets young drinkers and conveys the expectation that caffeine will offset the sedating effects of alcohol and enhance alertness. Such beliefs could result in unwarranted risk taking (e.g. driving while intoxicated). The aim of this study was to assess the acute effects of caffeinated versus non-caffeinated alcoholic beverages on a simulated driving task and attention/reaction time.We conducted a 2 × 2 between-groups randomized trial in which participants were randomized to one of four conditions: beer and non-alcoholic beer, with and without caffeine added. Caffeine was added in the same proportion as found in a commercially available caffeinated beer (69 mg/12 oz of beer at 4.8% alc. by vol).Participants were 127 non-dependent, heavy episodic, young adult drinkers (age 21–30) who were college students or recent graduates. The target breath alcohol level was 0.12 g%.Driving performance was assessed with a driving simulator; sustained attention/reaction with the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT).Across the driving and attention/reaction time we found main effects for alcohol, with alcohol significantly impairing driving and sustained attention/reaction time, with mainly large statistical effects; however, the addition of caffeine had no main or interaction effects on performance.The addition of caffeine to alcohol does not appear to enhance driving or sustained attention/reaction time performance relative to alcohol alone.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/79153/1/j.1360-0443.2010.03219.x.pd

A ocorrência de historiotopônimos nas ruas de Marechal Cândido Rondon

Toponyms can reveal cultural and social aspects from a certain place. Upon this and alongside with the interest of unveiling curiosities about the naming of Marechal Cândido Rondon’s streets, a city located in the Paraná’s west, we aimed to investigate events and facts that may have contributed to the process of choosing the city streets’ historioponyms constituted by dates, besides interpreting the enunciations in them, which express preference to the chosen dates. Applying qualitative approach, bibliographic and documentary methodologies, we reviewed theorical assumptions from Toponomastic studies (DICK, 1992; ISQUERDO, 1997; SEIDE, 2010; BRANDÃO & ABBADE, 2016) and from Semântica do Acontecimento (GUIMARÃES, 2002), investigated historiotoponyms and collected data from historic informations related to the constitution of the city. From the 14 historiotoponyms identified, 7 recall national events and commemorations, 4 are related to local important facts and personalities, while 3 of them were not related to any event. Based on that, we were able to state that the enunciation of the national hystoriotoponyms is linked to the interest of alleging that the city belongs to the brazilian nation, while historioroponyms linked to important personalities in the history of the city aim to contribute to characterizing the city as a German city. Key-words: Toponomastic, Historiotoponyms, Semântica do Acontecimento.  Os topônimos podem revelar aspectos da cultura e da sociedade de uma localidade. Mediante isto, juntamente ao interesse em desvendar curiosidades acerca da nomeação das ruas de Marechal Cândido Rondon, município da região oeste do Paraná, objetivamos investigar acontecimentos e fatos que possam ter contribuído para a escolha dos historiotopônimos das ruas da cidade constituídas por datas, além de interpretar suas enunciações, que expressam preferência às datas selecionadas. Para isto, empregamos a abordagem qualitativa e as metodologias bibliográfica e documental, uma vez que realizamos revisão de literatura com pressupostos teóricos da Toponomástica (DICK, 1992; ISQUERDO, 1997; SEIDE, 2010; BRANDÃO & ABBADE, 2016), e da Semântica do Acontecimento (GUIMARÃES, 2002), a investigação e listagem dos historiotopônimos, bem como a coleta de informações históricas sobre a formação do município. Utilizamos um corpus formado por 14 historiotopônimos, dos quais 7 rememoram acontecimentos e comemorações nacionais, 4 estão vinculados a fatos e personalidades importantes da localidade, enquanto 3 não foram relacionados a nenhum acontecimento. Constatamos que a enunciação dos historiotopônimos nacionais está vinculada ao interesse em afirmar o município como pertencente à nação, enquanto os historiotopônimos relacionados a personalidades da história do município tinham a intenção de contribuir para caracterizá-lo como uma cidade alemã.