The acquisition of obligatory-do

The auxiliary verb obligatory-do is used in forming questions, negative and emphatic sentences. Currently there is no test or norms established for the acquisition of obligatory-do. The purpose of this study was to establish age trends, via elicited imitation for the acquisition of obligatory-do according to the sentence type in which it expressively occurs i.e., negative sentences, emphatic sentences, interrogative reversals and wh-questions. This study addressed the following question: At what ages do children expressively demonstrate, via elicited imitation, the auxiliary verb obligatory-do in negative sentences, emphatic sentences, interrogative reversals and wh-questions? A secondary question was: In what manner does age and MLU, mean length of utterance, of 25 utterances correlate with the acquisition of obligatory-do

Summing the strokes: energy economy in northern elephant seals during large-scale foraging migrations.

BackgroundThe energy requirements of free-ranging marine mammals are challenging to measure due to cryptic and far-ranging feeding habits, but are important to quantify given the potential impacts of high-level predators on ecosystems. Given their large body size and carnivorous lifestyle, we would predict that northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) have elevated field metabolic rates (FMRs) that require high prey intake rates, especially during pregnancy. Disturbance associated with climate change or human activity is predicted to further elevate energy requirements due to an increase in locomotor costs required to accommodate a reduction in prey or time available to forage. In this study, we determined the FMRs, total energy requirements, and energy budgets of adult, female northern elephant seals. We also examined the impact of increased locomotor costs on foraging success in this species.ResultsBody size, time spent at sea and reproductive status strongly influenced FMR. During the short foraging migration, FMR averaged 90.1 (SE = 1.7) kJ kg(-1)d(-1) - only 36 % greater than predicted basal metabolic rate. During the long migration, when seals were pregnant, FMRs averaged 69.4 (±3.0) kJ kg(-1)d(-1) - values approaching those predicted to be necessary to support basal metabolism in mammals of this size. Low FMRs in pregnant seals were driven by hypometabolism coupled with a positive feedback loop between improving body condition and reduced flipper stroking frequency. In contrast, three additional seals carrying large, non-streamlined instrumentation saw a four-fold increase in energy partitioned toward locomotion, resulting in elevated FMRs and only half the mass gain of normally-swimming study animals.ConclusionsThese results highlight the importance of keeping locomotion costs low for successful foraging in this species. In preparation for lactation and two fasting periods with high demands on energy reserves, migrating elephant seals utilize an economical foraging strategy whereby energy savings from reduced locomotion costs are shuttled towards somatic growth and fetal gestation. Remarkably, the energy requirements of this species, particularly during pregnancy, are 70-80 % lower than expected for mammalian carnivores, approaching or even falling below values predicted to be necessary to support basal metabolism in mammals of this size

Validity of a pictorial perceived exertion scale for effort estimation and effort production during stepping exercise in adolescent children

This is the author's PDF version of an article published in European Physical Education Review ©2002. The definitive version is available at http://epe.sagepub.com.Recent developments in the study of paediatric effort perception have continued to emphasise the importance of child-specific rating scales. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of an illustrated 1 – 10 perceived exertion scale; the Pictorial Children’s Effort Rating Table (PCERT). 4 class groups comprising 104 children; 27 boys and 29 girls, aged 12.1±0.3 years and 26 boys, 22 girls, aged 15.3±0.2 years were selected from two schools and participated in the initial development of the PCERT. Subsequently, 48 of these children, 12 boys and 12 girls from each age group were randomly selected to participate in the PCERT validation study. Exercise trials were divided into 2 phases and took place 7 to 10 days apart. During phase 1, children completed 5 x 3-minute incremental stepping exercise bouts interspersed with 2-minute recovery periods. Heart rate (HR) and ratings of exertion were recorded during the final 15 s of each exercise bout. In phase 2 the children were asked to regulate their exercising effort during 4 x 4-minute bouts of stepping so that it matched randomly prescribed PCERT levels (3, 5, 7 and 9). Analysis of data from Phase 1 yielded significant (P<0.01) relationships between perceived and objective (HR) effort measures for girls. In addition, the main effects of exercise intensity on perceived exertion and HR were significant (P<0.01); perceived exertion increased as exercise intensity increased and this was reflected in simultaneous significant rises in HR. During phase 2, HR and estimated power output (POapprox) produced at each of the four prescribed effort levels were significantly different (P<0.01). The children in this study were able to discriminate between 4 different exercise intensities and regulate their exercise intensity according to 4 prescribed levels of perceived exertion. In seeking to contribute towards children’s recommended physical activity levels and helping them understand how to self-regulate their activity, the application of the PCERT within the context of physical education is a desirable direction for future research

Exploring the needs, concerns and knowledge of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes: A qualitative study

ObjectiveTo explore the concerns, needs and knowledge of women diagnosed with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM).DesignA qualitative study of women with GDM or a history of GDM.MethodsNineteen women who were both pregnant and recently diagnosed with GDM or post- natal with a recent history of GDM were recruited from outpatient diabetes care clinics. This qualitative study utilised focus groups. Participants were asked a series of open-ended questions to explore 1) current knowledge of GDM; 2) anxiety when diagnosed with GDM, and whether this changed overtime; 3) understanding and managing GDM and 4) the future impact of GDM. The data were analysed using a conventional content analysis approach.FindingsWomen experience a steep learning curve when initially diagnosed and eventually become skilled at managing their disease effectively. The use of insulin is associated with fear and guilt. Diet advice was sometimes complex and not culturally appropriate. Women appear not to be fully aware of the short or long-term consequences of a diagnosis of GDM.ConclusionsMidwives and other Health Care Professionals need to be cognisant of the impact of a diagnosis of GDM and give individual and culturally appropriate advice (especially with regards to diet). High quality, evidence based information resources need to be made available to this group of women. Future health risks and lifestyle changes need to be discussed at diagnosis to ensure women have the opportunity to improve their health.<br/

Boys In Blue

80.7568.156 – “Boys In Blue”: Anthony L. Maresh: Maresh Music Co.: 1905: Piano Solo: March Two Skip

Saving the Critically-Endangered Western Gray Whale

Professor Jen Maresh, Biology - Saving the Western Gray Whale: How Science, Industry, and the Public are Coming Together to Protect a Critically Endangered Species from Oil & Gas Activitie

Short-term heat acclimation is effective and may be enhanced rather than impaired by dehydration

Most heat acclimation data are from regimes longer than 1 week, and acclimation advice is to prevent dehydration. Objectives: We hypothesized that (i) short-term (5-day) heat acclimation would substantially improve physiological strain and exercise tolerance under heat stress, and (ii) dehydration would provide a thermally independent stimulus for adaptation. Methods: Nine aerobically fit males heat acclimated using controlled-hyperthermia (rectal temperature 38.5°C) for 90 min on 5 days; once euhydrated (EUH) and once dehydrated (DEH) during acclimation bouts. Exercising heat stress tests (HSTs) were completed before and after acclimations (90-min cycling in T a 35°C, 60% RH). Results: During acclimation bouts, [aldosterone] plasma rose more across DEH than EUH (95%CI for difference between regimes: 40-411 pg ml -1 ; P=0.03; n=5) and was positively related to plasma volume expansion (r=0.65; P=0.05), which tended to be larger in DEH (CI: -1 to 10%; P=0.06; n=9). In HSTs, resting forearm perfusion increased more in DEH (by 5.9 ml 100 tissue ml -1 min -1 : -11.5 to -1.0; P=0.04) and end-exercise cardiac frequency fell to a greater extent (by 11 b min -1 : -1 to 22; P=0.05). Hydration-related effects on other endocrine, cardiovascular, and psychophysical responses to HSTs were unclear. Rectal temperature was unchanged at rest but was 0.3°C lower at end exercise (P < 0.01; interaction: P=0.52). Conclusions: Short-term (5-day) heat acclimation induced effective adaptations, some of which were more pronounced after fluid-regulatory strain from permissive dehydration, and not attributable to dehydration effects on body temperature. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:311-320, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

The Joshua Tree (Yucca Brevifolia) Hotel a third and fourth grade elementary curriculum

Focusing primarily on the ecological relationships of the Joshua tree in Joshua Tree National Park, this teaching unit includes ten pre-visit, in-class lessions; Ranger-led lessons at Joshua Tree National Park Education Center; and ten post-visit, in-class lessons. Lessons are for students in grades three and four and formatted using the breakthrough lesson strategies, based on the constructivist educational theory. The teacher background section addresses classification, structure, range, xerophytic adaptations, ecological relationships, and natural history of the Joshua tree

Effects of Active Video Games in the Rehabilitation of Ankle Sprains and Chronic Ankle Instability

INTRODUCTION: Research into the treatment of acute lateral ankle sprains with individuals currently suffering from an acute injury, rather than a history of injury, is sparse. These acute injuries have psychological effects (e.g. confidence in one\u27s readiness to return to play, changes to one\u27s mood, adherence to the rehabilitation) to the individual that must be recognized as they have the potential to affect the rehabilitation process as much as the physical effects. In spite of previous research into the treatment of acute lateral ankle sprains the rate of recurrent injury remains high. With these recurrent ankle sprains comes the development of chronic ankle instability. Chronic ankle instability has mechanical and perceived components which factor into the extent of the condition. Individuals with long term chronic ankle instability may suffer from continued pain as well as decreased participation in physical activity and are at risk to develop early onset ankle osteoarthritis. The implementation of active video gaming within the rehabilitation environment has become popular in spite of the lack of empirical studies evaluating its effectiveness. Few studies have evaluated the use of active video gaming in a musculoskeletal context, with even fewer evaluating both the physical and psychological effects of such a modality. PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this study was to describe the functional, select psychosocial and patient-oriented outcomes of a rehabilitation program including active video gaming and a traditional rehabilitation protocol in the treatment of patients with acute lateral ankle sprains. The secondary purpose of this study was to compare and describe the functional, psychosocial, and patient-oriented outcomes of a rehabilitation program including active video gaming and a traditional rehabilitation protocol in the treatment of patients with chronic ankle instability. METHODS: Two collegiate student-athletes with acute lateral ankle sprains and 20 individuals with chronic ankle instability were recruited for the current study. Participants were randomly assigned to a traditional treatment protocol or a treatment protocol using active video games with the Xbox KinectTM during the balance training portion of their rehabilitation. Participants\u27 static and dynamic stability, confidence in their readiness to return to play, mood states, adherence to the rehabilitation, and self-reported ankle function were recorded at multiple points during the rehabilitation. RESULTS: The acute active video gaming participant showed consistently better mood states during the balance training protocol than did the traditional participant while both showed similar improvements in balance. In the chronic condition similar improvements were seen in balance ability, confidence in their readiness to return to play, adherence to the rehabilitation, and self-reported ankle function. CONCLUSIONS: The use of active video gaming in the rehabilitation of acute lateral ankle sprains appears to have a positive effect on mood while having similar effects on balance compared to the traditional protocol. This positive effect on mood has potential benefits for one\u27s performance in the rehabilitation but also in their confidence to return to participation in physical activity and decrease the chance for re-injury. In the rehabilitation of chronic ankle instability the comparable improvements in balance, confidence in their readiness to return to play, and self-reported ankle function provide evidence that implementing active video gaming into a rehabilitation protocol does not have any adverse effects. The improvements seen by both groups in their confidence to return to play may have potential to be a key component to a successful rehabilitation outcome in the treatment of chronic ankle instability in which perception may play a large role