Jean Monnet

Jean Monnet, le père de l’Europe, un inconnu ? Des historiens européens et d’Amérique, spécialistes de l’Europe, ont rassemblé leurs connaissances acquises dans les archives de Jean Monnet et dans celles de leurs pays ou glanées dans les entretiens avec les témoins, pour faire un bilan sans complaisance de Jean Monnet. Ce volume ne fournira pas une biographie ronde et lisse mais plutôt des interprétations parfois contradictoires de la personnalité et de l’œuvre de Monnet, de l’inspirateur selon l’apostrophe fameuse du général de Gaulle. L’espace considéré est celui du siècle : depuis le premier engagement public de Monnet pendant la Grande Guerre jusqu’à la période du Comité d’Action pour les Etats-Unis d’Europe des années 1960 et 1970. La multiplicité des formes de l’action de Monnet révèle l’extraordinaire pouvoir de persuasion et de transformation de cet homme, issu du vieux terroir français des Charentes, mais embrassant aussi les lointains horizons de l’Atlantique. En ces temps d’hésitations internationales, de mondialisation redoutée, Monnet a poursuivi une idée simple, mais forte : la Paix et l’union des Européens. Le rapprochement entre la France et l’Allemagne en constituait la pierre angulaire. Dépasser les vieux antagonismes, fusionner les souverainetés, donner une identité à l’Europe, telle était son ambition. Ce livre d’histoire explique comment Monnet a su utiliser les grands événements du XXe siècle en travaillant avec les plus éminents responsables politiques pour réaliser, en partie, ces objectifs

Transient viral exposure drives functionally-coordinated humoral immune responses in HIV-1 post-treatment controllers

International audienceHIV-1 post-treatment controllers are rare individuals controlling HIV-1 infection for years after antiretroviral therapy interruption. Identification of immune correlates of control in post-treatment controllers could aid in designing effective HIV-1 vaccine and remission strategies. Here, we perform comprehensive immunoprofiling of the humoral response to HIV-1 in long-term post-treatment controllers. Global multivariate analyses combining clinico-virological and humoral immune data reveal distinct profiles in post-treatment controllers experiencing transient viremic episodes off therapy compared to those stably aviremic. Virally-exposed post-treatment controllers display stronger HIV-1 humoral responses, and develop more frequently Env-specific memory B cells and cross-neutralizing antibodies. Both are linked to short viremic exposures, which are also accompanied by an increase in blood atypical memory B cells and activated subsets of circulating follicular helper T cells. Still, most humoral immune variables only correlate with Th2-like circulating follicular helper T cells. Thus, post-treatment controllers form a heterogeneous group with two distinct viral behaviours and associated immune signatures. Post-treatment controllers stably aviremic present “silent” humoral profiles, while those virally-exposed develop functionally robust HIV-specific B-cell and antibody responses, which may participate in controlling infection

Transient viral exposure drives functionally-coordinated humoral immune responses in HIV-1 post-treatment controllers

AbstractHIV-1 post-treatment controllers are rare individuals controlling HIV-1 infection for years after antiretroviral therapy interruption. Identification of immune correlates of control in post-treatment controllers could aid in designing effective HIV-1 vaccine and remission strategies. Here, we perform comprehensive immunoprofiling of the humoral response to HIV-1 in long-term post-treatment controllers. Global multivariate analyses combining clinico-virological and humoral immune data reveal distinct profiles in post-treatment controllers experiencing transient viremic episodes off therapy compared to those stably aviremic. Virally-exposed post-treatment controllers display stronger HIV-1 humoral responses, and develop more frequently Env-specific memory B cells and cross-neutralizing antibodies. Both are linked to short viremic exposures, which are also accompanied by an increase in blood atypical memory B cells and activated subsets of circulating follicular helper T cells. Still, most humoral immune variables only correlate with Th2-like circulating follicular helper T cells. Thus, post-treatment controllers form a heterogeneous group with two distinct viral behaviours and associated immune signatures. Post-treatment controllers stably aviremic present “silent” humoral profiles, while those virally-exposed develop functionally robust HIV-specific B-cell and antibody responses, which may participate in controlling infection.</jats:p

In-Depth Characterization of Full-Length Archived Viral Genomes after Nine Years of Posttreatment HIV Control

Most people living with HIV need antiretroviral therapy to control their infection and experience viral relapse in case of treatment interruption, because of viral reservoir (proviruses) persistence. Knowing that proviruses are very diverse and most of them are defective in treated individuals, we aimed to characterize the HIV blood reservoirs of posttreatment controllers (PTCs), rare models of drug-free remission, in comparison with spontaneous controllers and treated individuals.</jats:p