The effect of fructose and maltodextrin vs glucose and maltodextrin formulated sports beverages on mountain-bike race performance : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Sport and Exercise Science at Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand

Background: Exogenous carbohydrate improves performance during prolonged high-intensity exercise. When ingested together, fructose and glucose polymers are oxidised at rates 1.5-1.7 higher than isocaloric glucose solutions. As fructose and glucose are transported across the intestine via different mechanisms, the capacity for exogenous-carbohydrate absorption is greater with composite carbohydrate mixtures. Therefore, since the effect of ingesting multi-transportable carbohydrate on field-based performance has to our knowledge not been investigated, we examined their effect on mountain bike race performance. Finishing time was expected to be substantially reduced when multi-transportable carbohydrates were ingested. Method: Ten; male (7) and female (3), mountain bikers aged 32.9 ± 8.7 years, weighing 68.8 ± 9.4 kg and training for at least 8 hours per week and racing regularly participated in a double-blind crossover study. Following a standardised training and diet regimen cyclists completed two Olympic-distance (target winning time of 2h 15m), cross-country mountain bike races during which they ingested either a 11.25% maltodextrin and fructose solution (MF) or an isocaloric, equi-volumetric, isosmotic control solution containing maltodextrin and glucose (MG). Performance times, ratings of perceived exertion, gastrointestinal discomfort and measurements of hydration status were recorded and compared. Data was analysed using appropriate mixed models in SAS. Results: Cyclists were 1.8% (2mins 31s) faster in MF compared to MG (90% confidence interval:±1.8%; 72% likelihood of a substantial benefit) The effect solution composition on the increase in time from the first the final lap (fatigue) was 9.7% (±2.8%) in MF and 10.7% (±2.8%) in MG; which corresponded to a 0.9% reduction (±3.5%; unclear) in the fatigue in MF. Abdominal cramps were reduced by 8.1% in MF relative to MG (±6.6%; likely benefit) and for every 1% change in abdominal cramp rating, lap time increased by 0.14% (±0.10%). There were no clear effects of MF on ratings of perceived exertion and hydration status compared with MG. Conclusion: Cross-country mountain bike race performance was substantially enhanced following ingestion of a maltodextrin and fructose solution. This outcome was related to reduced gastro-intestinal distress supporting the theory that solutions containing multiple-transportable carbohydrates increase the availability of carbohydrate for metabolism. Further investigation with a larger sample size is recommended to establish whether the performance effect is genuinely beneficial or trivial

Hydrated Double Carbonates - A Raman and Infrared Spectroscopic Study

The Raman spectra of selected double carbonates including pirssonite, gaylussite, shortite and quintinite complemented with infrared spectra have been used to characterise the structure of these carbonate minerals. By using a Libowitzky type function hydrogen bond distances for these minerals of 2.669 to 2.766 Å are estimated. The variation in the hydrogen bond distances contributed to the stability of the mineral. The Raman spectrum of pirssonite shows a single band at 1080 cm-1 attributed to the (CO3)2- symmetric stretching mode, in contrast to shortite and quintinite where two bands are observed. Multiple bands are observed for the antisymmetric stretching and bending region for these minerals proving that the carbonate unit is distorted in the structure of pirssonite and gaylussite

Creating Carrot Gold Classroom Activities on a Dollar Tree Budget

Presenter will Provide

POD Network News: Newsletter August 1988

Publications Available And with regard to publications Where are they now? Where would they like to be now? Conferences of Interest Calls for Papers And now to brighten your da

Aspects of the Social and Spatial Experience of Eastern Box Turtles, Terrapene carolina carolina

An investigation of the ways in which eastern box turtles experience their social and spatial environment was conducted using an ethological approach in combination with a phenomenological orientation. The primary question of what the turtles experienced was addressed by determining what they could discriminate. Discrimination between other individuals and between areas of space was investigated. The inquiry was extended to investigate the quality of this experience by assessing the functional significance of the cues and behavior patterns involved in such discriminations. The approach was to observe behavior in relation to its context in a combination of naturalistic, seminaturalistic, and laboratory settings. Discrimination of spatial areas was studied in the field by repeatedly locating turtles through the use of telemetry. Most turtles were found to use only prescribed areas within the larger area of suitable habitat. Difficulties in unobtrusively observing the turtles in the field made it impossible to assess directly the basis of this discrimination

Breaking the Silence: Exploring the Impact of Supervisor Vulnerability on Menstrual Disclosures at Work

Management research has traditionally overlooked the significance of the human body in the workplace. However, recent recognition of organizational body work has prompted the examination of biological processes such as pregnancy and breastfeeding. Menstruation, however, has received little attention, despite the challenges faced by menstruating employees. The invisibility and silence around menstruation at work hinders managers\u27 understanding of employee needs and prevents employees from accessing needed accommodations. An important first step in remedying this problem is understanding the factors influencing employees to disclose their menstrual symptoms and seek support. Bringing together theories of organizational body work and concealable stigmas, this research answers the call for greater attention to be paid to the motives of disclosure decisions to promote inclusivity and accommodate the needs of menstruating employees. I investigate this phenomenon through two studies, one qualitative and one quantitative. Study 1 employs a qualitative approach, involving full-time menstruating employees, to develop a theoretical understanding of why employees choose to disclose or conceal their menstrual status and related side effects from their supervisors. Drawing on the insights from Study 1, a conceptual model is developed in Study 2, highlighting the role of supervisor vulnerability as a key factor influencing both disclosure and accommodation-seeking for menstruating employees. To empirically test this model, Study 2 employs experimental vignettes with full-time menstruating employees

Oral Interview of Marilla Jacobs

Mrs. Jacobs began teaching in 1927 and retired 1971. She discusses her early teacher training, experiences, and changes in teaching over the years.https://red.mnstate.edu/oral_interviews/1168/thumbnail.jp

Breaking the Silence: Exploring the Impact of Supervisor Vulnerability on Menstrual Disclosures at Work

Management research has traditionally overlooked the significance of the human body in the workplace. However, recent recognition of organizational body work has prompted the examination of biological processes such as pregnancy and breastfeeding. Menstruation, however, has received little attention, despite the challenges faced by menstruating employees. The invisibility and silence around menstruation at work hinders managers\u27 understanding of employee needs and prevents employees from accessing needed accommodations. An important first step in remedying this problem is understanding the factors influencing employees to disclose their menstrual symptoms and seek support. Bringing together theories of organizational body work and concealable stigmas, this research answers the call for greater attention to be paid to the motives of disclosure decisions to promote inclusivity and accommodate the needs of menstruating employees. I investigate this phenomenon through two studies, one qualitative and one quantitative. Study 1 employs a qualitative approach, involving full-time menstruating employees, to develop a theoretical understanding of why employees choose to disclose or conceal their menstrual status and related side effects from their supervisors. Drawing on the insights from Study 1, a conceptual model is developed in Study 2, highlighting the role of supervisor vulnerability as a key factor influencing both disclosure and accommodation-seeking for menstruating employees. To empirically test this model, Study 2 employs experimental vignettes with full-time menstruating employees

The Plights of Teddies and Chirpers

Novel Chapter

Who Is Entitled to Do SoTL?

Excerpt: The title of this essay derives from an earlier essay by Lee Shulman (2011) in which he asks this very question along with many others about the future of SoTL. His question was prompted by a challenge that he received from someone in the area of science education research to the effect that SoTL was inviting non-experts to attempt what is a very complex and rigorous task after very little training. When I read that essay, my reaction was “Yes, that’s right! I’ve had that same question myself. How can we expect a discipline-based expert to develop expertise virtually overnight in order to ‘do’ SoTL?” So my essay is based on my own experience trying to do that very thing and my resulting attempt to answer that challenge