Schulinspektion in Hamburg. Ein Gespräch über Startbedingungen und Entwicklungen

Im Jahr 2007 wurde die Schulinspektion in Hamburg offiziell eingerichtet. Bis es soweit war, mussten jedoch die Voraussetzungen hierfür geschaffen und verschiedene Entscheidungen auf administrativer Ebene getroffen werden. Darüber hinaus mussten, gerade zu Beginn der Inspektionsarbeit, aber auch im weiteren Entwicklungsverlauf, verschiedenste systemische Spannungsverhältnisse austariert und die Rollen einzelner Akteursgruppen im Hamburger Schulsystem und innerhalb der damals neu gegründeten Schulinspektion geklärt und definiert werden. Der Governance-Experte Herbert Altrichter, der u. a. im Rahmen eines EUProjektes zu den Gelingensbedingungen erfolgreicher Schulinspektionen forscht, spricht hierüber mit dem Leiter des Hamburger Instituts für Bildungsmonitoring und Qualitätsentwicklung, Norbert Maritzen, der seitens der Hamburger Bildungsadministration bereits um die Jahrtausendwende mit der Einführung einer Schulinspektion in Hamburg betraut war und der deren Entwicklung bis heute begleitet. (DIPF/Orig.

Evaluation of a 5-session community based physical activity education program for parents of children with disabilities

Children with disabilities are less likely to reach the daily recommendation (60 minutes) of physical activity a day. Parents of children with a disability play an important role in the amount of physical activity their child participates in but often lack the knowledge and skills necessary to facilitate physical activity opportunities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the feedback received from parents that participate in the parental physical activity education program. Participants included 8 parents of a child with a disability from the age of six to 14. The feedback from parents was assessed by a program evaluation survey, which included 5 close-ended questions that are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. Mixed methods will be used with descriptive statistics expressed in means and SD for all closed questions. The program evaluation revealed that while the program components were perceived as being helpful for facilitating physical activity over the summer, is did not change parents overall view of physical activity. Keywords: physical activity, children with disabilities, parents role, barrier

Endocytosis in the adaptation to cellular stress

Cellular life is challenged by a multitude of stress conditions, triggered for example by alterations in osmolarity, oxygen or nutrient supply. Hence, cells have developed sophisticated stress responses to cope with these challenges. Some of these stress programs such as the heat shock response are understood in great detail, while other aspects remain largely elusive including potential stress-dependent adaptations of the plasma membrane proteome. The plasma membrane is not only the first point of encounter for many types of environmental stress, but given the diversity of receptor proteins and their associated molecules also represents the site at which many cellular signal cascades originate. Since these signaling pathways affect virtually all aspects of cellular life, changes in the plasma membrane proteome appear ideally suited to contribute to the cellular adaptation to stress. The most rapid means to alter the cell surface proteome in response to stress is by alterations in endocytosis. Changes in the overall endocytic flux or in the endocytic regulation of select proteins conceivably can help to counteract adverse environmental conditions. In this review we summarize recent data regarding stress-induced changes in endocytosis and discuss how these changes might contribute to the cellular adaptation to stress in different systems. Future studies will be needed to uncover the underlying mechanisms in detail and to arrive at a coherent picture

School inspections. About the transformation of governance structures in the school system

Der Beitrag begreift die Einführung von Schulinspektionen in den deutschsprachigen Ländern zum einen als Element eines übergreifenden Umbaus von Steuerungsstrukturen im Schulwesen. Im Zuge der "Gewährung" größerer Eigenverantwortlichkeit für die Einzelschule stellt sich für Politik und Schulverwaltung die Frage, mit welchen institutionellen Vorkehrungen eine zentrale Verantwortung angemessen wahrgenommen und neu gestärkt werden kann. Zum anderen ist mit den Verfahren der Schulinspektion ein Anspruch an empirischer Fundierung verknüpft, der von traditionellen Prozeduren der Schulverwaltung nicht mehr erfüllt werden kann. Dieser wird erklärt als Antwort auf Erfordernisse der Evidenzbasierung von politisch-administrativer Entscheidungsfindung, wobei zugleich aktuelle Inkonsistenzen gefundener Systemlösungen, Ungleichzeitigkeiten in der Implementierung und noch ungelöste Entwicklungserfordernisse deutlich werden. (DIPF/Orig.)On the one hand, the contribution understands the introduction of school inspections in the German-speaking countries as an element of a general reorganisation of steering structures in the school system. During the granting process of greater autonomy for the individual school the question arises for politics and school management with which institutional measures a central responsibility can be perceived adequately and can be strengthened newly. On the other hand, the proceedings of the school inspection are connected with a demand on empirical support which cannot be fulfilled any more by traditional procedures of the school management. This is explained to be the response to requirements of the basing of evidence of a political, administrative decision making, in which current inconsistencies of found system solutions, unsimultaneities in the implementation and still unsolved development requirements begin to show at the same time. (DIPF/Orig.

Splendor and misery of the KMK-strategy of educational monitoring. An attempt of taking stock and looking forward

Mit ihrer Gesamtstrategie zum Bildungsmonitoring hat die Kultusministerkonferenz im Jahre 2006 vor allem ihre Beteiligung an bzw. Beauftragung von Schulleistungstests (PISA, TIMSS, PIRLS, IQB-Ländervergleich, VERA) und die Entwicklung von Bildungsstandards in einen systematischen Zusammenhang gestellt. Der Beitrag bilanziert die historisch zu nennende Leistung, die die Implementierung eines Systems der Dauerbeobachtung des Bildungsbereichs für die Ländergemeinschaft bedeutet. Es werden zentrale Probleme benannt, die im Zuge der Entfaltung der Strategie nunmehr sichtbar werden. Schließlich werden einige Linien einer möglichen Weiterentwicklung der Strategie skizziert. (DIPF/Orig.)With its overall strategy of educational monitoring, the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany (KMK) has put its participation in resp. assignment of student achievement tests (PISA, TIMSS, PIRLS, IQB-comparison of the German states, VERA) and the development of educational standards into a systematic framework. This article balances the historic effort of the German states to implement a system of permanent surveillance in the field of education. It specifies key problems, which have become visible in the process of the strategy. Finally, some lines of a possible further development of the strategy are sketched. (DIPF/Orig.

Normative foundations of educational monitoring

Der Beitrag geht den impliziten und expliziten normativen Begründungszusammenhängen des Bildungsmonitorings nach. Ausgehend von der semantischen Spannung, die dem Kompositum "Bildungsmonitoring" inhärent ist, werden Referenzkonzepte skizziert, die die Perspektive steuern, mit der das Bildungsmonitoring auf seine Gegenstände schaut und diese konstituiert. Betrachtet wird dabei zunächst der Begriff der "Bildung" im Bildungsmonitoring, um dann auf gerechtigkeitstheoretische Aspekte und normative Implikationen der empirischen Wirklichkeitserfassung einzugehen. Abschließend wird gezeigt, welche normativen Effekte der Status des Bildungsmonitorings als politisch institutionalisiertes Element staatlicher Steuerungssysteme hat. (DIPF/Orig.)The article deals with the implicit and explicit normative contexts of justification for the need of "Bildungsmonitoring" (educational monitoring). Starting from the semantic tension inherent to the compound "Bildungsmonitoring", we outline reference concepts characterizing the perspective with which Bildungsmonitoring approaches and defines its objects of research. After discussing the concept of "Bildung" in the context of "Bildungsmonitoring", we address aspects related to theories of justice and reflect upon normative implications of empirical portrayals of reality. Finally, we show the normative effects of "Bildungsmonitoring" in its position as a politically institutionalized element of state control systems. (DIPF/Orig.

Uncoupling the functions of CALM in VAMP sorting and clathrin-coated pit formation.

CALM (clathrin assembly lymphoid myeloid leukemia protein) is a cargo-selective adaptor for the post-Golgi R-SNAREs VAMPs 2, 3, and 8, and it also regulates the size of clathrin-coated pits and vesicles at the plasma membrane. The present study has two objectives: to determine whether CALM can sort additional VAMPs, and to investigate whether VAMP sorting contributes to CALM-dependent vesicle size regulation. Using a flow cytometry-based endocytosis efficiency assay, we demonstrate that CALM is also able to sort VAMPs 4 and 7, even though they have sorting signals for other clathrin adaptors. CALM homologues are present in nearly every eukaryote, suggesting that the CALM family may have evolved as adaptors for retrieving all post-Golgi VAMPs from the plasma membrane. Using a knockdown/rescue system, we show that wild-type CALM restores normal VAMP sorting in CALM-depleted cells, but that two non-VAMP-binding mutants do not. However, when we assayed the effect of CALM depletion on coated pit morphology, using a fluorescence microscopy-based assay, we found that the two mutants were as effective as wild-type CALM. Thus, we can uncouple the sorting function of CALM from its structural role

AP180 promotes release site clearance and clathrin-dependent vesicle reformation in mouse cochlear inner hair cells

High-throughput neurotransmission at ribbon synapses of cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) requires tight coupling of neurotransmitter release and balanced recycling of synaptic vesicles (SVs) as well as rapid restoration of release sites. Here, we examined the role of the adaptor protein AP180 (also known as SNAP91) for IHC synaptic transmission by comparing AP180-knockout (KO) and wild-type mice using high-pressure freezing and electron tomography, confocal microscopy, patch-clamp membrane capacitance measurements and systems physiology. AP180 was found predominantly at the synaptic pole of IHCs. AP180-deficient IHCs had severely reduced SV numbers, slowed endocytic membrane retrieval and accumulated endocytic intermediates near ribbon synapses, indicating that AP180 is required for clathrin-dependent endocytosis and SV reformation in IHCs. Moreover, AP180 deletion led to a high prevalence of SVs in a multi-tethered or docked state after stimulation, a reduced rate of SV replenishment and a hearing impairment. We conclude that, in addition to its role in clathrin recruitment, AP180 contributes to release site clearance in IHCs

Canonical and non-canonical integrin-based adhesions dynamically interconvert

Adhesions are critical for anchoring cells in their environment, as signaling platforms and for cell migration. In line with these diverse functions different types of cell-matrix adhesions have been described. Best-studied are the canonical integrin-based focal adhesions. In addition, non-canonical integrin adhesions lacking focal adhesion proteins have been discovered. These include reticular adhesions also known as clathrin plaques or flat clathrin lattices, that are enriched in clathrin and other endocytic proteins, as well as extensive adhesion networks and retraction fibers. How these different adhesion types that share a common integrin backbone are related and whether they can interconvert is unknown. Here, we identify the protein stonin1 as a marker for non-canonical αVβ5 integrin-based adhesions and demonstrate by live cell imaging that canonical and non-canonical adhesions can reciprocally interconvert by the selective exchange of components on a stable αVβ5 integrin scaffold. Hence, non-canonical adhesions can serve as points of origin for the generation of canonical focal adhesions

Stonin1 mediates endocytosis of the proteoglycan NG2 and regulates focal adhesion dynamics and cell motility

Cellular functions, ranging from focal adhesion (FA) dynamics and cell motility to tumour growth, are orchestrated by signals cells receive from outside via cell surface receptors. Signalling is fine-tuned by the exo-endocytic cycling of these receptors to control cellular responses such as FA dynamics, which determine cell motility. How precisely endocytosis regulates turnover of the various cell surface receptors remains unclear. Here we identify Stonin1, an endocytic adaptor of unknown function, as a regulator of FA dynamics and cell motility, and demonstrate that it facilitates the internalization of the oncogenic proteoglycan NG2, a co-receptor of integrins and platelet-derived growth factor receptor. Embryonic fibroblasts obtained from Stonin1-deficient mice display a marked surface accumulation of NG2, increased cellular signalling and defective FA disassembly as well as altered cellular motility. These data establish Stonin1 as a specific adaptor for the endocytosis of NG2 and as an important factor for FA dynamics and cell migration