Design of Cavity Model Microstrip Patch Antenna

Design and realization of LINEARLY POLARIZED AND DUAL FREQUENCY RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA in S band at 2.42 GHz is reported in this project paper. It is shown that the design adopted for different antennas is quite accurate. By using the conventional MIC fabrication technology compact, light weight microstrip antennas can be realized. The desired narrow band is achieved for the microstrip antennas. Antennas are designed and fabricated on the substrate of dielectric constant 4.22 and thickness 1.6mm. Simulation is done using the microwave software to achieve the desired results.At a frequency of 2.42 GHZ return loss is -27.0 dB.  Also from smith chart it is seen that at a frequency of 2.42 GHz impendence offered by the antenna is resistive as well as inductive.   From VSWR plot it is seen that VSWR offered by the antenna is 1.1 at a frequency of  2.42 GHz. Keywords:Cavity model, VSWR, return loss, smith chart

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM L.) GENOTYPES IN RELATION TO SALT TOLERANCE

This study was conducted to characterize the salt tolerant and susceptible genotypes (F1s) of sugarcane by 15 ISSR primers. The amplification profile consisted of 118 fragments of size ranging from 275 bp to 2845 bp of which 28 were monomorphic and 82 were polymorphic with 69.49 % polymorphism. The number of bands generated by each primer varied from 4 (ISSR -823) to 11 (ISSR–809, ISSR–824 and ISSR-830) with an average of 8.4 fragments per primer. The percentage of polymorphic bands with different primers ranged from 50 to 88.88 %. The efficiency of ISSR marker for cultivar identification was found 6.8 % as only eight fragments are cultivar specific.PIC values were ranged from 0.47 (ISSR 830) to 0.88 (ISSR 816) primers with an average value of 0.70. Rp values were ranged from 2.40 (ISSR 823) to 11.86 (ISSR 809) primers with an average value of 6.18. The similarity coefficients detected by ISSR ranged from 0.65 to 0.84 which revealed existence of limited genetic variation among sugarcane genotypes. In the consensus tree thesalt-tolerant genotypes cluster together indicating the efficiency of ISSR markers to differentiate between tolerant and susceptible genotypes based on their similarity matrix.Our study has established that the ISSR markers are useful for studying genetic diversity among sugarcane and thereby helps in selecting superior crosses and for distribution genotypes into different groups

Mechanism of Arthropod-mediated Transmission of Plant Viruses - A Review

In the intricate world of botanical life, an often-overlooked menace lurks – plant viruses. Viruses invade their target and hijack the plant cell's mechanisms to multiply and reproduce. The impact of these microscopic assailants is profound, affecting food security, food safety, national economies, biodiversity, and the rural environment. Plant viruses, although small in stature, wield immense influence in the plant kingdom. They are sub-microscopic entities comprised of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, encased within a protective protein coat. They need a medium of transmission for survival and spread, which can be air, water, contaminated tools, or certain other organisms known as vectors. These vectors, often insects, fungi, or nematodes, serve as intermediaries between the virus and its plant host, facilitating transmission and infection. Understanding the intricate interactions between plant viruses and their vectors is vital for developing effective control strategies that can mitigate the devastating impact of these diseases on crops. This relationship between a plant virus and a vector is a testament to the complexity of the natural world, where microscopic organisms wield enormous influence over the health and fate of plants, impacting ecosystems and even human agriculture. This review delves into the world of plant virus vectors, un-ravelling their roles in disease transmission, their biological mechanisms, and the pivotal role they play in shaping agricultural landscapes worldwide. It also explores the types of virus transmission and their effects on vector behaviour. This knowledge is essential for developing strategies to mitigate the impact of plant viruses and protect global food security

Induction of compulsive-like washing by blocking the feeling of knowing: an experimental test of the security-motivation hypothesis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

BACKGROUND: H. Szechtman and E. Woody (2004) hypothesized that obsessive-compulsive disorder results from a deficit in the feeling of knowing that normally terminates thoughts or actions elicited by security motivation. To test the plausibility of this proposed mechanism, an experiment was conducted to produce an analog of washing in obsessive-compulsive disorder by eliciting a scenario of potential harm and using hypnosis to block changes in internally generated feelings that would normally occur during washing. RESULTS: Participants reacted with increased disgust, anxiety, and heart rate to their mental images of contamination and potential danger. As predicted, high but not low hypnotizable participants showed a significant prolongation of washing when change in feelings during washing was blocked hypnotically. CONCLUSION: Results show that blocking the affective signal that is normally generated during security-related behaviors, such as washing, leads to prolonged performance of these behaviors. This finding lends support to the plausibility of the proposed model of obsessive-compulsive disorder

Mapping and change detection of mangrove forest in Sakhartar estuary of Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra

The mangroves along the estuaries of Ratnagiri, India have remained largely investigated. The present study described the Mangrove of the Sakhartar estuary located in Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra. The mangrove maps of estuary was prepared using the unsupervised classification of principal components technique of Landsat-TM, Landsat-ETM, ASTER, IRS-P6 (LISS III) satellite data 1989, 1999, 2004 and 2009 respectively. The mangrove coverage of Sakhartar estuary in 2009 was about 297.36 ha, while mangrove coverage in 1989, 1999 and 2004 were 109.13, 188.62 and 203.45 hectare respectively. Eight species of mangrove such as Sonneratia alba, Avicennia spp., Rhizophora mucronata, Acanthus ilicifolius, Ceriops tagal, Lumnitzera racemosa, Excoecaria agallocha and Aegiceras corniculatum were observed along the sakhartar estuary which makes it one of the diverse estuary in Maharashtra. The post-classification approach was adopted for changed detection study. The Sakhartar estuary showed net increase in mangrove coverage for all the time period. The overall change was characterised by the huge net increase of 188.24 ha mangrove forest, due to widening of mangrove forest on the mudflats of the estuarine

Evaluation of Toxicity of Few Novel Insecticides Against Different Aphid Species (Rhopalosiphum maidis, Myzus persicae, Liphaphis erysimi)

Aphids are important insect pests and are considered a major threat to various crops. In the laboratory experiment, our objective is to assess the toxicity level of some newer synthetic insecticides, viz. Imidacloprid, Flonicamid, and Spirotetramat against different species of aphids viz. maize leaf aphids (Rhopalosiphum maidis), green peach aphids (Myzus persicae), and mustard aphids (Liphaphis erysimi). The leaf dip bioassay was conducted to evaluate the LC50 and LT50 values. Among these novel molecules, Spirotetramat was the most toxic insecticide against R. maidis and M. persicae, with median lethal concentrations (LC50) of 0.68 and 3.99 ppm, and Flonicamid was the most toxic against L. erysimi with an LC50 value of 5.79 ppm. The median lethal concentrations for the Imidacloprid, Flonicamid, and Spirotetramat are different for each species of aphids. The LT50 values of the given insecticides revealed that the Imidacloprid has the potential for giving effective control of R. maidis, M. persicae, and L. erysimi species, as evidenced by the shorter time required for 50% mortality with LT50 values of 44.53, 49.19 and 44.90 hrs respectively with median lethal concentrations of 4.20, 5.14 and 10.86 ppm. The results indicated variations in toxicity among these different chemicals against different insect species

Role of pipelle versus dilatation and curettage in tissue diagnosis abnormal uterine bleeding

Background: Menstrual irregularities and abnormal heavy menstruation account for up to 26-35% of women attending Gynecological outpatient Department. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB), it is more common at extremes of age endometrial hyperplasia occurs in 5-10% of patients with post-menopausal bleeding out of which atypical hyperplasia has 26-32 % risk of having malignancy in future. Therefore, endometrial sampling for histopathology is important in the assessment of abnormal uterine bleeding is mandatory. Our study was conductive to know the effectiveness of pipelle type devices, versus Dilatation and curettage in obtaining quality endometrial tissue for histopathological examination.Methods: The study was undertaken in Department of obstetrics and gynaecology along with department of Pathology at Rajarshi Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj, government medical college, Kolhapur after getting approval from the Hospital Committee on Clinical Research and Ethical Committee of the institution, during the period from October 2016 to March 2017 (six months). Total number of subjects included in study is Hundred after taking into consideration of inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results: The ease of doing procedure was much easier as compared to D&C and the Tissue sample obtained for histopathological examination were as par D&C. It was concluded that histopathology report was available in 92 of the 100 pipelle samples and 93 of 100 D&C samples. It was also, observed that increased endometrial thickness was not always associated with adequate tissue diagnosis.Conclusions: Pipelle is simple, affordable, patient friendly can be easily performed with minimal training, which can be performed in Outpatient Gynaecological Department. The diagnostic value and positive predictive value of Pipelle is at par with conventional D&C. So, pipelle can be recommended for all perimenopausal patients with AUB to rule out various, premalignant and malignant conditions of the endometrium

Abiotic Stress in Cotton: Insights into Plant Responses and Biotechnological Solutions

Climate change has rapidly increased incidences of frequent extreme abiotic stresses, such as heat, drought, salinity, and waterlogging. Each of these stressors negatively affects the cotton crop (Gossypium spp.) and results in significant yield decreases. Every stressful event causes specific changes in the metabolism and physiology of plants, which are linked to complex molecular alterations. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate a plant’s response to stress is essential to developing stress-resistant cotton varieties that can withstand various stress factors. Gene expressions in response to multiple stresses have been studied and mapped. These genes include ion transporters and heat shock proteins, which are vital to allowing adaptive responses. These approaches showed the ability to employ advanced genome sequencing and multi-omics techniques to identify dynamic gene expression patterns and elucidate intricate regulatory networks. Using genetic variation in combination with molecular techniques, it would be possible to generate stress-resilient cotton varieties that would enable sustainable cotton output in the face of abiotic stresses. Here, we reviewed the effects of major abiotic stressors on cotton plants, such as heat, salinity, drought, heavy metals, and waterlogging. We also examine the vast network of proteins, genes, and stress-sensitive signaling pathways that help cotton tolerate abiotic stress.</jats:p