Social Learning Theory and Prison Work Release Programs

The authors’ review of literature about Bandura’s (1977) social learning theory and self-efficacy leads to implications on how this theory can positively affect prison work release programs and inmate post-release outcomes. Additionally, several causes of deviant behavior have been explained by social learning theory concepts

Role of the employment status and education of mothers in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Mexican rural schoolchildren

<p><b>Background:</b> Intestinal parasitic infections are a public health problem in developing countries such as Mexico. As a result, two governmental programmes have been implemented: a) "National Deworming Campaign" and b) "Opportunities" aimed at maternal care. However, both programmes are developed separately and their impact is still unknown. We independently investigated whether a variety of socio-economic factors, including maternal education and employment levels, were associated with intestinal parasite infection in rural school children.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> This cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 rural communities in two Mexican states. The study sites and populations were selected on the basis of the following traits: a) presence of activities by the national administration of albendazole, b) high rates of intestinal parasitism, c) little access to medical examination, and d) a population having less than 2,500 inhabitants. A total of 507 schoolchildren (mean age 8.2 years) were recruited and 1,521 stool samples collected (3 per child). Socio-economic information was obtained by an oral questionnaire. Regression modelling was used to determine the association of socio-economic indicators and intestinal parasitism.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> More than half of the schoolchildren showed poliparasitism (52%) and protozoan infections (65%). The prevalence of helminth infections was higher in children from Oaxaca (53%) than in those from Sinaloa (33%) (p < 0.0001). Giardia duodenalis and Hymenolepis nana showed a high prevalence in both states. Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Entamoeba hystolitica/dispar showed low prevalence. Children from lower-income families and with unemployed and less educated mothers showed higher risk of intestinal parasitism (odds ratio (OR) 6.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6–22.6; OR 4.5, 95% CI 2.5–8.2; OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.5–7.4 respectively). Defecation in open areas was also a high risk factor for infection (OR 2.4, 95% CI 2.0–3.0).</p> <p><b>Conclusion:</b> Intestinal parasitism remains an important public health problem in Sinaloa (north-western Mexico) and Oaxaca (south-eastern Mexico). Lower income, defecation in open areas, employment status and a lower education level of mothers were the significant factors related to these infections. We conclude that mothers should be involved in health initiatives to control intestinal parasitism in Mexico.</p&gt

An Overview of TSCA, its History and Key Underlying Assumptions, and its Place in Environmental Regulation

The United States has enacted an alphabet soup of laws during the past forty years to try to reduce risks that the manufacture, use, and/or disposal of toxic substances pose to our environment and to human health. One of the important early books about toxic substances, The Dilemma of Toxic Substances Regulation, suggests that this growth in government regulation has radically transform[ed] the economic roles of government and business as well as relations between them. As one might expect, there has been an enormous amount of debate concerning the nature, extent, and adequacy of this transformation. Two overarching questions this rich debate about our extensive environmental regulatory infrastructure raises are: Are we there yet in our approach to managing risks from chemicals and, related, how will we know? Further, if we have not reached an optimal level of environmental and human health protection (I think it a safe guess that this would be the view of the vast majority of readers of this symposium volume), a host of other questions require attempts at resolution, including: what remains to be done; what are our options for moving forward; what path(s) should we take; how should we monitor our progress; and how should we structure our approach so we can shift course if and when needed? This Article is a very modest attempt to tee up some of these fundamental questions about the appropriate shape and content of environmental law through review of one part of the extraordinarily broad and diverse federal legislative infrastructure in place today, notably the screening and regulatory program contained in the Toxic Substances Control Act ( TSCA ). Part I of this Article provides a brief history of TSCA and reviews some of Congress‘s key underlying assumptions in enacting the statute. Part II reviews how things have played out in the implementation of some of the key features of TSCA. I conclude with a brief review of some of the overarching issues TSCA raises that have broader implications for environmental policy

Citizen-Friendly Approaches to Environmental Governance

Numerous commentators have urged that government increase opportunities for citizen participation as a way to advance a variety of public policy goals (enhancing government legitimacy, promoting more informed government decisions, etc.). In this Article, David L. Markell explores the experience of an international decisionmaking process that relies heavily on citizen participation, the Commission for Environmental Cooperation’s (CEC) citizen submissions process, through the lens of the procedural justice literature, which seeks to understand the reasons why citizens are satisfied with decisionmaking processes. He offers some thoughts about the design and operation of the CEC process in terms of its effectiveness in promoting citizen participation and also considers more generally the design of government processes intended to engage citizens and to promote meaningful public participation in governance