The Assessment Of Geographical Borders In Economic Research

The length of common border between two geographical units is frequently used as a basic weight in spatial analysis. The newest methodological propositions such as tests for hierarchical relations (Markowska et. al. 2014; Sokołowski et. al. 2013), regional spatial moving average and new spatial correlation coefficient (Markowska et. al. 2015) are using border lengths. In cited references new methods have been illustrated by analyses for EU NUTS2 regions. It is obvious that borders between regions belonging to different countries have different socio-economic impact than borders between regions lying in the same country. A new simple method for assesment the importance of borders is proposed in the paper. It is based on a chosen macroeconomic variable available at NUTS 2 level (e.g. GDP, infant mortality, Human Development Index). For neighboring regions bigger value is divided by smaller value giving the local importance of the given border. These measures of local border importance can be than average for borders within the same country and for borders for each pair of neighboring countries

European Regional Space Classification Regarding Smart Growth Level

The paper presented classification results including European regional space positional statistics regarding advancement and smart growth level in NUTS 2 regions. Regional smart growth covers three pillars: innovation, creativity (Knowledge Based Economy) and smart specialization illustrated by characteristics available in Eurostat data resources. These qualities constituted the basis for constructing aggregate measures for specific pillars and also for the purposes of regional classification. The results of obtained classes were assessed in an overall European space, in groups of regions distinguished in line with integration processes chronology and also in capital regions and these including the country capital, as well as in the system of Polish regions.Strategia Europa 2020, jako sukcesor Strategii Lizbońskiej, jest wizją społecznej gospodarki rynkowej dla Europy XXI wieku, obejmującą trzy powiązane priorytety: 1/ rozwój inteligentny: rozwój gospodarki opartej na wiedzy i innowacji; 2/ rozwój zrównoważony: wspieranie gospodarki efektywniej korzystającej z zasobów, bardziej przyjaznej środowisku i bardziej konkurencyjnej; 3/ rozwój sprzyjający włączeniu społecznemu: wspieranie gospodarki o wysokim poziomie zatrudnienia, zapewniającej spójność społeczną i terytorialną. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki klasyfikacji ze statystykami pozycyjnymi europejskiej przestrzeni regionalnej ze względu na stopień zaawansowania i poziom inteligentnego rozwoju w regionach szczebla NUTS 2. Rozwój inteligentny regionów uwzględnia trzy filary: innowacyjność, kreatywność (Gospodarka Oparta na Wiedzy) i inteligentną specjalizację ilustrowane charakterystykami znajdującymi się w zasobach informacyjnych Eurostatu. Cechy te stanowiły podstawę do konstrukcji miar agregatowych dla określonych filarów, a także do klasyfikacji regionów. Wyniki uzyskanych podziałów oceniono w całej europejskiej przestrzeni regionalnej, w grupach regionów wydzielonych zgodnie z chronologią procesów integracji, a także w regionach stołecznych i zawierających stolicę oraz w układzie regionów polskich

Causes and effects of the development of trade in the light of selected international trade theory

Internаtionаl trаde is defined аs а pаid exchаnge of goods or services with pаrtners who hаve permаnent residence outside the customs territory of the country. It concerns mаteriаl goods thаt аre sold or аcquired аbroаd. On the other hаnd, in а broаd sense, foreign trаde аlso includes property аnd credit turnover аnd current turnover

Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of ankle, knee, hip, and pelvic rotation during gait in patients after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction - early results

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to biomechanically assess tibial rotation in the knee joint simultaneous changes in rotation of large joints of the lower limbs and pelvis during gait in patients during early postoperative stages following anterior cruciate ligament (ACLR) reconstruction. We hypothesized that tibial rotation is associated with changes in rotation of the large joints of the lower limbs and the pelvis during gait in patients after ACLR reconstruction. METHODS: The patients were divided into two groups. The ACLR group (n = 32 males) underwent primary ACLR in one leg and postoperative physiotherapy. The control group (n = 30 males) had no knee injuries. After clinical assessment in both groups, the values of kinematic parameters of foot, tibial, femoral, and pelvic rotation were measured during gait on a flat surface using the three-dimensional BTS Smart System. In the ACLR group, measurements were taken during the 4th, 9th, and 14th weeks of postoperative physiotherapy. The results of the ACLR group were compared with those of the control group. RESULTS: During gait, between the 9th and 14th weeks following ACLR, there are normal values of foot, tibia, and pelvic rotation in the operated legs compared with results obtained from un-operated legs and the control group. DISCUSSION: Analysis of rotations occurring only in knee joints does not reflect all of the multiarticular disorders of gait kinematics. The study also suggests that analyzing tibial rotation in the knee joint with simultaneous changes in rotation in large joints of the lower limbs provides better opportunities than singular analysis of rotation in the knee joint for the assessment of disorders in gait kinematics. CONCLUSIONS: In gait, at the maximal extension of the knee during preparation for the stance phase, external hip rotation patterns have not been fully restored 14 weeks after ACLR

Investigation of the Yield and Composition of Essential Oils of Culinary Herbs before and after Decontamination

Herbs and spices are widely used in food industry due to the presence of nutrients and nonnutritive biologically active compounds. Their primary functions are to provide diversified taste, smell and colour to products. Additionally, spices provide preservative, nutritional and health function. Most spices owe their unique flavour character mainly to essential oil content. Essential oils that are mixtures of volatile fragrant compounds are used as natural antioxidants as well as antimicrobial agents against food-borne pathogens and food spoilage bacteria. Fresh and dried spices are contaminated by microorganisms that should be removed before introducing them to food products in order to ensure their safety and prolong shelf life. Sterilization, including steam sterilization, is the common method used for spices decontamination. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of steam sterilization on the amount and composition of essential oil of two common leaf spices, mint and sage

Current knowledge of the Łódź Upland avifauna

The authors evaluated the state of the knowledge of the Łódź Upland (about 18 000 km 2) avifauna. The total of 278 bird species was recorded by authors in the study area since the last century. After 1945, the total of 267 species were recorded, including 180 breeding species. According to the authors’ estimates about 11% of the area was investigated more preciously. The best investigated regions are: the Bzura river valley, 219 species were recorded including 165 breeding ones, the Pilica river valley, where the respective values are 211 and 158, region of the Jeziorsko Reservoir - 247 observed species and 152 breeding ones, the vicinities of the locality of Rogów with 118 breeding species and the Łódź city area with 125 breeding species. The Łódź Upland has been the place o f breeding for some rare birds in Poland: Cormorant, Purple Heron, Lesser Spotted Eagle, Hen Harrier, Montague’s Harrier, Curlew, Ruff, Herring Gull, White-winged Tern, Whiskered Tern, Crane, Stonechat, Collared Flycatcher, Aquatic Warbler, Bearded Tit.Zadanie pt. „Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki” nr 885/P-DUN/2014 dofinansowane zostało ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę

Poziom zaufania i wiarygodność polskich studentów na tle międzynarodowym

This article presents the results of an experimental research carried out in Poland on selected aspects of social capital. These aspects were trust and trustworthiness. Our research was conducted on a total of 1540 students at universities in 16 Polish cities, capitals of 16 administrative regions, and was based on a commonly used experimental game termed the ‘Trust Game’. These results were compared with the results of studies performed in many other countries all over the world. It has been found that with regard to the proportion of money returned by Player B (a measure of trustworthiness), Poles (and more generally, those from Central and Eastern Europe) do not  significantly differ from other countries belonging to Western culture (Oceania, Western Europe, North America). Based on the proportion of the money transferred by Player A (a measure of generalised trust), there is only a weak indication that Poles are less trusting than other Europeans.Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań eksperymentalnych nad wybranymi aspektami kapitału społecznego w Polsce na tle innych państw. Analizowane są w nim aspekty: zaufania i wiarygodności. W artykule porównano wyniki badań opartych na typowej grę eksperymentalną (grę „zaufanie”), w tym polskie badania autorów przeprowadzone na grupie 1540 studentów w 16 miastach – stolicach regionów Polski. Wyniki badań wskazują, że względem proporcji pieniędzy oddanych przez gracza B (miara wiarygodności), Polacy (oraz ogólnie mieszkańcy Europy Centralnej/Wschodniej) nie różnią od osób z kultury zachodniej (Oceania, Europa Zachodnia, Ameryka Północna). Biorąc pod uwagę proporcję pieniędzy przekazanych przez gracza A (miara zaufania), istnieją słabe tylko dowody, że Polacy przekazują mniejszą część (czyli są mniej ufni) niż pozostali Europejczycy