A methodology to improve the assessment of vulnerability on the maritime supply chain of energy

International audienceThe globalization of trade is due to the transportation possibilities and the standardization (containerization of freight). The dependency of the economy to the sea and to the merchant navy has increase this last decade. This process forms a worldwide maritime network between the different locations of production and consumption. This network, representing between 80 % and 90% of world traffic is a major economic concern, including freight distribution, raw materials or energy. Rodrigue demonstrates[1] the economic dependency of energy is increasing in the industrialized countries (North America, Europe, East Asia). The inter-regional trade of oil was 31 million bbl/day in 2002 and is expected to grow up to 57 bbl/day in 2030 [2]. Most of the international traffic use a maritime way, where may occur disruptions. For example, the Suez crisis (1956-1957) caused a closure of the canal, reducing the throughput capacity of transportation. This disruption cost a 2 millions of barrels lost per day. This article focuses on vulnerability of the energy supply, and proposes a methodology to formalize and assess the vulnerability of the network by taking into account the spatial structure of maritime territories

Modeling the dynamics of maritime territories to assess the vulnerability of the maritime network

International audienceThe maritime supply chain of energy concerns all trips done between ports on the maritime space. The use of this space has in-crease since 1970. This increase is due to the globalization, a strong increase of the demand of energy and freight, containerization of goods and economies of scale (Rodrigue, 2013). Due to the development of maritime transport, a territorialization process appears on mari-time space (Parrain, 2012). For Di Meo (2001) “Territorialize space is for a socie-ty to multiply places to install networks in both concrete and symbolic”. These lo-cations exist on the maritime space, and can be physical (e.g. weather, reefs) socio-economical (E.g use for navigation, exploitation) or political/legal (e.g. TSS, EEZ). All these locations formalize a spatial heterogeneity and a spatial dynamic, due to the permanent evolution of maritime locations. These maritime territories can be risky for maritime transport, taking into account the environment, human activities or deliberate actions. Risks can product disruptions and affect the capaci-ty of a spatial mediator (maritime space) to link the different parts within this me-diator (Gleyze, 2005). The main goal of this research is to propose a modeling ap-proach of the maritime network; we use an agent-based system to simulate vessel trajectories. This approach will be able to measure, by the spatio-temporal features of disruption, the vulnerability of the maritime network and especially the mari-time supply chain of energy

Hypervariabilité génotypique des mélanomes : Un défi thérapeutique

On estime à environ 5 000 le nombre annuel de nouveaux cas de mélanome en France. La proportion des formes familiales est évaluée, selon les séries, entre 5 % et 10 %. Les aspects cliniques, histologiques et biologiques de progression du mélanome sont actuellement mieux connus ; les développements technologiques récents ont, quant à eux, permis d’aborder les mécanismes moléculaires de la progression tumorale et de mettre en lumière des gènes impliqués dans cette évolution. Toutefois, des difficultés importantes persistent : il existe une grande variabilité dans l’expression de ces gènes, non seulement d’un patient à l’autre, mais aussi selon les stades de la maladie, locaux ou métastatiques ; par ailleurs, certaines des mutations retrouvées au cours du mélanome peuvent également être présentes dans des lésions bénignes (naevus). La variabilité génotypique associée au mélanome rend le ciblage thérapeutique complexe, et constitue actuellement un défi majeur en termes de traitement. Cet article, volontairement non exhaustif, insistera surtout sur les anomalies génomiques les plus étudiées, desquelles semblent naître des perspectives thérapeutiques intéressantes.Cutaneous melanoma remains a management challenge. Melanoma is the leading cause of death from skin tumors worldwide. Melanoma progression is well defined in its clinical, histopathological and biological aspects, but the molecular mechanism involved and the genetic markers associated to metastatic dissemination are only beginning to be defined. The recent development of high-throughput technologies aimed at global molecular profiling of cancer is switching on the spotlight at previously unknown candidate genes involved in melanoma. Among those genes, BRAF is one of the most supposed to be of interest and targeted therapies are ongoing in clinical trials. In familial melanoma, germline mutations in two genes, CDKN2A and CDK4, that play a pivotal role in controlling cell cycle and division. It is hope that this better understanding of the biologic features of melanoma and the mechanisms underlying tumor-induced immunosuppression will lead to efficaceous targeted therapy

Contrôle d'application flot de données pour les systèmes sur puces : étude de cas sur la plateforme Magali

International audienceLes applications embarquées demandent toujours plus de puissance de calcul pour moins de consommation, avec comme conséquence l'apparition de systèmes sur puces dédiés. Dans le domaine du traitement du signal, le modèle de calcul flot de données est couramment utilisé pour la programmation de ces systèmes sur puce. Il est donc nécessaire d'avoir un modèle d'exécution adapté à ces architectures et répondant aux contraintes applicatives. Dans ce tra- vail, nous proposons un nouveau modèle d'exécution pour le contrôle d'applications flot de données. Notre approche s'appuie sur les liens entre les caractéristiques des applications et les performances selon le modèle d'exécution associé. Ce travail est illustré avec une étude de cas sur la plateforme Magali

Compilation for heterogeneous SoCs : bridging the gap between software and target-specific mechanisms

International audienceCurrent applications constraints are pushing for higher computation power while reducing energy consumption, driving the development of increasingly specialized socs. In the mean time, these socs are still programmed in assembly language to make use of their specific hardware mechanisms. The constraints on hardware development bringing specialization, hence heterogeneity, it is essential to support these new mechanisms using high-level programming. In this work, we use a parametric data flow formalism to abstract the application from any hardware platform. From this premise, we propose to contribute to the compilation of target independent programs on heterogeneous platforms. These developments are threefold, with 1) the support of hardware accelerators for computation using actor fusion, 2) the automatic generation of communications on complex memory layouts and 3) the synchronization of distributed cores using hardware mechanisms for scheduling. The code generation is illustrated on a telecommunication dedicated heterogeneous soc

Cognitive Radio Programming: Existing Solutions and Open Issues

Software defined radio (sdr) technology has evolved rapidly and is now reaching market maturity, providing solutions for cognitive radio applications. Still, a lot of issues have yet to be studied. In this paper, we highlight the constraints imposed by recent radio protocols and we present current architectures and solutions for programming sdr. We also list the challenges to overcome in order to reach mastery of future cognitive radios systems.La radio logicielle a évolué rapidement pour atteindre la maturité nécessaire pour être mise sur le marché, offrant de nouvelles solutions pour les applications de radio cognitive. Cependant, beaucoup de problèmes restent à étudier. Dans ce papier, nous présentons les contraintes imposées par les nouveaux protocoles radios, les architectures matérielles existantes ainsi que les solutions pour les programmer. De plus, nous listons les difficultés à surmonter pour maitriser les futurs systèmes de radio cognitive

Acoustic radiation controls friction: Evidence from a spring-block experiment

Brittle failures of materials and earthquakes generate acoustic/seismic waves which lead to radiation damping feedbacks that should be introduced in the dynamical equations of crack motion. We present direct experimental evidence of the importance of this feedback on the acoustic noise spectrum of well-controlled spring-block sliding experiments performed on a variety of smooth surfaces. The full noise spectrum is quantitatively explained by a simple noisy harmonic oscillator equation with a radiation damping force proportional to the derivative of the acceleration, added to a standard viscous term.Comment: 4 pages including 3 figures. Replaced with version accepted in PR

Parent-of-origin-specific allelic associations among 106 genomic loci for age at menarche.

Age at menarche is a marker of timing of puberty in females. It varies widely between individuals, is a heritable trait and is associated with risks for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and all-cause mortality. Studies of rare human disorders of puberty and animal models point to a complex hypothalamic-pituitary-hormonal regulation, but the mechanisms that determine pubertal timing and underlie its links to disease risk remain unclear. Here, using genome-wide and custom-genotyping arrays in up to 182,416 women of European descent from 57 studies, we found robust evidence (P < 5 × 10(-8)) for 123 signals at 106 genomic loci associated with age at menarche. Many loci were associated with other pubertal traits in both sexes, and there was substantial overlap with genes implicated in body mass index and various diseases, including rare disorders of puberty. Menarche signals were enriched in imprinted regions, with three loci (DLK1-WDR25, MKRN3-MAGEL2 and KCNK9) demonstrating parent-of-origin-specific associations concordant with known parental expression patterns. Pathway analyses implicated nuclear hormone receptors, particularly retinoic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid-B2 receptor signalling, among novel mechanisms that regulate pubertal timing in humans. Our findings suggest a genetic architecture involving at least hundreds of common variants in the coordinated timing of the pubertal transition