Market access of small-scale farms and biodiversity management of food crops. The case of sorghum and pearl millet in Mali

Several studies carried out in different countries (and various ecosystems) show that varietal diversity has generally reduced with the integration of farms into markets. In Mali, farms sell an increasingly larger share of their cereal production in order to meet the rapid growing urban demand. The question raised here is whether or not this has had an influence on the diversity of sorghum and pearl millet landraces. Different index of diversity were computed using data collected from surveys conducted in 2010 in 120 Malian farms in two different villages. An econometric model is estimated to assess the different significant explanatory factors of these different indexes. Factors are related to the farm and the household characteristics and especially its sales of cereals. We show that farms in the village better connected to the market manage more sorghum and pearl millet cultivars than those of the remote village. However, in this same village, farms that sell proportionately more sorghum and pearl millet tend to reduce the number of landraces. These results suggest that there are two contradictory trends related to the connection of markets on crop biodiversity: one is a positive effect of opening up farms and the other a negative effect of the specialization and simplification of crop systems for sale

Indication of electron neutrino appearance from an accelerator-produced off-axis muon neutrino beam

The T2K experiment observes indications of nu(mu) -> nu(mu) e appearance in data accumulated with 1.43 x 10(20) protons on target. Six events pass all selection criteria at the far detector. In a three-flavor neutrino oscillation scenario with |Delta m(23)(2)| = 2.4 x 10(-3) eV(2), sin(2)2 theta(23) = 1 and sin(2)2 theta(13) = 0, the expected number of such events is 1.5 +/- 0.3(syst). Under this hypothesis, the probability to observe six or more candidate events is 7 x 10(-3), equivalent to 2.5 sigma significance. At 90% C.L., the data are consistent with 0.03(0.04) < sin(2)2 theta(13) < 0.28(0.34) for delta(CP) = 0 and a normal (inverted) hierarchy

Effects of Practice on Competency In Single-Rescuer Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

This study demonstrated the effectiveness of brief practice on voice advisory manikins in improving skill retention by nursing students in single-rescuer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Brief practice can assist nurses and other providers in maintaining their CPR skills and may lead to improved performance competency

Evaluating the structure and magnitude of the ash plume during the initial phase of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption using lidar observations and NAME simulations

The Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland erupted explosively on 14 April 2010, emitting a plume of ash into the atmosphere. The ash was transported from Iceland toward Europe where mostly cloud-free skies allowed ground-based lidars at Chilbolton in England and Leipzig in Germany to estimate the mass concentration in the ash cloud as it passed overhead. The UK Met Office's Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modeling Environment (NAME) has been used to simulate the evolution of the ash cloud from the Eyjafjallajökull volcano during the initial phase of the ash emissions, 14–16 April 2010. NAME captures the timing and sloped structure of the ash layer observed over Leipzig, close to the central axis of the ash cloud. Relatively small errors in the ash cloud position, probably caused by the cumulative effect of errors in the driving meteorology en route, result in a timing error at distances far from the central axis of the ash cloud. Taking the timing error into account, NAME is able to capture the sloped ash layer over the UK. Comparison of the lidar observations and NAME simulations has allowed an estimation of the plume height time series to be made. It is necessary to include in the model input the large variations in plume height in order to accurately predict the ash cloud structure at long range. Quantitative comparison with the mass concentrations at Leipzig and Chilbolton suggest that around 3% of the total emitted mass is transported as far as these sites by small (<100 μm diameter) ash particles

Kode Dan Alih Kode Dalam Wacana Siaran Radio FM Di Yogyakarta

This paper describes the phenomenon of code-switching as found in the discourse of informal and interactive FM radio programs in Yogyakarta. It was found that the announcers frequently employ different codes, such as Indonesian and Javanese in their broadcasting. In addition, this study also shows that the code switching is caused by several factors, such as (a) uncertain relation of speakers, (b) the influence of the other\u27s preceding utterance, (c) the influence of speech situation, (d) the influence of topics, (e) the arrival o