mTORC2-NDRG1-CDC42 axis couples fasting to mitochondrial fission

Fasting triggers diverse physiological adaptations including increases in circulating fatty acids and mitochondrial respiration to facilitate organismal survival. The mechanisms driving mitochondrial adaptations and respiratory sufficiency during fasting remain incompletely understood. Here we show that fasting or lipid availability stimulates mTORC2 activity. Activation of mTORC2 and phosphorylation of its downstream target NDRG1 at serine 336 sustains mitochondrial fission and respiratory sufficiency. Time-lapse imaging shows that NDRG1, but not the phosphorylation-deficient NDRG1Ser336Ala mutant, engages with mitochondria to facilitate fission in control cells, as well as in those lacking DRP1. Using proteomics, a small interfering RNA screen, and epistasis experiments, we show that mTORC2-phosphorylated NDRG1 cooperates with small GTPase CDC42 and effectors and regulators of CDC42 to orchestrate fission. Accordingly, Rictor KO, NDRG1Ser336Ala mutants and Cdc42-deficient cells each display mitochondrial phenotypes reminiscent of fission failure. During nutrient surplus, mTOR complexes perform anabolic functions; however, paradoxical reactivation of mTORC2 during fasting unexpectedly drives mitochondrial fission and respiration

Tau seeds from Alzheimer's disease brains trigger tau spread in macaques while oligomeric-Aβ mediates pathology maturation

INTRODUCTION: The “prion-like” features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) tauopathy and its relationship with amyloid-β (Aβ) have never been experimentally studied in primates phylogenetically close to humans. METHODS: We injected 17 macaques in the entorhinal cortex with nanograms of seeding-competent tau aggregates purified from AD brains or control extracts from aged-matched healthy brains, with or without intracerebroventricular co-injections of oligomeric-Aβ. RESULTS: Pathological tau injection increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) p-tau181 concentration after 18 months. Tau pathology spreads from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampal trisynaptic loop and the cingulate cortex, resuming the experimental progression of Braak stage I to IV. Many AD-related molecular networks were impacted by tau seeds injections regardless of Aβ injections in proteomic analyses. However, we found mature neurofibrillary tangles, increased CSF total-tau concentration, and pre- and postsynaptic degeneration only in Aβ co-injected macaques. DISCUSSION: Oligomeric-Aβ mediates the maturation of tau pathology and its neuronal toxicity in macaques but not its initial spreading. Highlights: This study supports the “prion-like” properties of misfolded tau extracted from AD brains. This study empirically validates the Braak staging in an anthropomorphic brain. This study highlights the role of oligomeric Aβ in driving the maturation and toxicity of tau pathology. This work establishes a novel animal model of early sporadic AD that is closer to the human pathology

Selective suppression of oligodendrocyte-derived amyloid beta rescues neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease

Reduction of amyloid beta (Aβ) has been shown to be effective in treating Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the underlying assumption that neurons are the main source of pathogenic Aβ is untested. Here, we challenge this prevailing belief by demonstrating that oligodendrocytes are an important source of Aβ in the human brain and play a key role in promoting abnormal neuronal hyperactivity in an AD knock-in mouse model. We show that selectively suppressing oligodendrocyte Aβ production improves AD brain pathology and restores neuronal function in the mouse model in vivo. Our findings suggest that targeting oligodendrocyte Aβ production could be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating AD

Selective suppression of oligodendrocyte-derived amyloid beta rescues neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease

Funding: Funding: R.M.R, D.K., C.S.F. and M.A.B. are supported by the UK Dementia Research Institute through UK DRI Ltd, principally funded by the UK Medical Research Council. M.A.B. is further supported by an UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship (MR/X011038/1) and an NC3Rs studentship grant (NC/W001675/1). S.S.H. is supported by an Alzheimer’s Association International Research Fellowship (AARF-23-1149637). C.A. and S.W. are supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre. M.S. is supported by an MRC Career Development Award (MR/X019977/1). T.A.G. is supported by an Alzheimer’s Association Research Fellowship to Promote Diversity (23AARFD-1029918).Reduction of amyloid beta (Aβ) has been shown to be effective in treating Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the underlying assumption that neurons are the main source of pathogenic Aβ is untested. Here, we challenge this prevailing belief by demonstrating that oligodendrocytes are an important source of Aβ in the human brain and play a key role in promoting abnormal neuronal hyperactivity in an AD knock-in mouse model. We show that selectively suppressing oligodendrocyte Aβ production improves AD brain pathology and restores neuronal function in the mouse model in vivo. Our findings suggest that targeting oligodendrocyte Aβ production could be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating AD.Peer reviewe

In vivo hyperphosphorylation of tau is associated with synaptic loss and behavioral abnormalities in the absence of tau seeds

Tau pathology is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, including frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the sequence of events and the form of tau that confers toxicity are still unclear, due in large part to the lack of physiological models of tauopathy initiation and progression in which to test hypotheses. We have developed a series of targeted mice expressing frontotemporal-dementia-causing mutations in the humanized MAPT gene to investigate the earliest stages of tauopathy. MAPTInt10+3G>A and MAPTS305N;Int10+3G>A lines show abundant hyperphosphorylated tau in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, but they do not develop seed-competent fibrillar structures. Accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau was accompanied by neurite degeneration, loss of viable synapses and indicators of behavioral abnormalities. Our results demonstrate that neuronal toxicity can occur in the absence of fibrillar, higher-order structures and that tau hyperphosphorylation is probably involved in the earliest etiological events in tauopathies showing isoform ratio imbalance

Protective role of chaperone-mediated autophagy against atherosclerosis

Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) contributes to regulation of energy homeostasis by timely degradation of enzymes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Here, we report reduced CMA activity in vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages in murine and human arteries in response to atherosclerotic challenges. We show that in vivo genetic blockage of CMA worsens atherosclerotic pathology through both systemic and cell-autonomous changes in vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages, the two main cell types involved in atherogenesis. CMA deficiency promotes dedifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells and a proinflammatory state in macrophages. Conversely, a genetic mouse model with up-regulated CMA shows lower vulnerability to proatherosclerotic challenges. We propose that CMA could be an attractive therapeutic target against cardiovascular diseases

Approche multifactorielle de la dégénérescence parkinsonienne

The aim of this work was to focus on neurodegenerative mechanisms in the context of synucleinopathies, especially on Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the presence of intracytoplasmic proteinaceous inclusions named Lewy Bodies of which α-synuclein (α-syn) is the main protein component. To date, there are no curative treatments. Elucidating mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in PD will allow the identification of new molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. My Ph.D. work intends multifactorial and translational approaches based on modelling, therapeutic intervention and mechanistic studies. We first focused on the development of new animal models of PD based on the use of viral vector-mediated overexpression of α-syn. This word allowed us to conclude on the absence of additive effect of ageing in α-syn-related toxicity, at least in the three investigated species. Then, we worked on two therapeutic strategies to overcome the lysosomal dysfunction occurring in PD. To do so, we first developed a biotechnological approach based on the use of acidic nanoparticles restoring acidic pH of sick lysosomes, and then we used a gene therapy approach based on the overexpression on a central modulator lysosomal biogenesis. We here demonstrated the interest of restoration of lysosomal physiology. Finally, we tested the “prion-like” hypothesis in a cohort of nonhuman primates and assessed the efficacy of a therapeutic approach using an oligomer modulator in mice. This work highlights the central role of α-syn in PD etiology and offers innovative strategies for both modelling and therapeutic intervention.Mon projet de thèse a porté sur les mécanismes neurodégénératifs dans le contexte de la maladie de Parkinson (MP). Cette maladie est caractérisée notamment par la présence d’inclusions intracytoplasmiques appelées corps de Lewy, dont le composant protéique principal est l’α-synucléine. L’absence de traitements curatifs à ce jour renforce la nécessité de comprendre les processus neurodégénératifs. L’objectif de mon travail de thèse fut de proposer une approche multifactorielle, translationnelle, basée sur trois axes complémentaires: modélisation, thérapeutique et mécanistique. Premièrement, nous nous sommes intéressés à la modélisation de la MP par l’utilisation de vecteurs viraux. Cette première partie nous a permis de conclure que le vieillissement ne constitue pas un facteur de risque pour les trois espèces étudiées. Ensuite, nous avons étudié deux stratégies pour combattre la dysfonction lysosomale existant chez les patients, premièrement par une approche biotechnologique avec des nanoparticules permettant de restaurer le pH des lysosomes dysfonctionnels, et une stratégie de thérapie génique par surexpression d’un régulateur de la biogénèse lysosomale. Grâce à ce travail, nous avons démontré l’intérêt du lysosome comme cible thérapeutique. Enfin, nous nous sommes focalisés sur l’hypothèse « prion » pour les synucléinopathies. Dans ce projet, nous avons mis en œuvre une approche de modélisation chez le primate non-humain ainsi qu’une une approche thérapeutique anti-agrégative chez le rongeur. Ces travaux mettent en évidence le rôle clé de l’α-synucléine dans l’étiologie de la MP et proposent des pistes d’améliorations des modèles animaux actuels ainsi que des approches thérapeutiques innovante

Modelling multi-factorial neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease

Mon projet de thèse a porté sur les mécanismes neurodégénératifs dans le contexte de la maladie de Parkinson (MP). Cette maladie est caractérisée notamment par la présence d’inclusions intracytoplasmiques appelées corps de Lewy, dont le composant protéique principal est l’α-synucléine. L’absence de traitements curatifs à ce jour renforce la nécessité de comprendre les processus neurodégénératifs. L’objectif de mon travail de thèse fut de proposer une approche multifactorielle, translationnelle, basée sur trois axes complémentaires: modélisation, thérapeutique et mécanistique. Premièrement, nous nous sommes intéressés à la modélisation de la MP par l’utilisation de vecteurs viraux. Cette première partie nous a permis de conclure que le vieillissement ne constitue pas un facteur de risque pour les trois espèces étudiées. Ensuite, nous avons étudié deux stratégies pour combattre la dysfonction lysosomale existant chez les patients, premièrement par une approche biotechnologique avec des nanoparticules permettant de restaurer le pH des lysosomes dysfonctionnels, et une stratégie de thérapie génique par surexpression d’un régulateur de la biogénèse lysosomale. Grâce à ce travail, nous avons démontré l’intérêt du lysosome comme cible thérapeutique. Enfin, nous nous sommes focalisés sur l’hypothèse « prion » pour les synucléinopathies. Dans ce projet, nous avons mis en œuvre une approche de modélisation chez le primate non-humain ainsi qu’une une approche thérapeutique anti-agrégative chez le rongeur. Ces travaux mettent en évidence le rôle clé de l’α-synucléine dans l’étiologie de la MP et proposent des pistes d’améliorations des modèles animaux actuels ainsi que des approches thérapeutiques innovantesThe aim of this work was to focus on neurodegenerative mechanisms in the context of synucleinopathies, especially on Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the presence of intracytoplasmic proteinaceous inclusions named Lewy Bodies of which α-synuclein (α-syn) is the main protein component. To date, there are no curative treatments. Elucidating mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in PD will allow the identification of new molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. My Ph.D. work intends multifactorial and translational approaches based on modelling, therapeutic intervention and mechanistic studies. We first focused on the development of new animal models of PD based on the use of viral vector-mediated overexpression of α-syn. This word allowed us to conclude on the absence of additive effect of ageing in α-syn-related toxicity, at least in the three investigated species. Then, we worked on two therapeutic strategies to overcome the lysosomal dysfunction occurring in PD. To do so, we first developed a biotechnological approach based on the use of acidic nanoparticles restoring acidic pH of sick lysosomes, and then we used a gene therapy approach based on the overexpression on a central modulator lysosomal biogenesis. We here demonstrated the interest of restoration of lysosomal physiology. Finally, we tested the “prion-like” hypothesis in a cohort of nonhuman primates and assessed the efficacy of a therapeutic approach using an oligomer modulator in mice. This work highlights the central role of α-syn in PD etiology and offers innovative strategies for both modelling and therapeutic intervention

What lysosomes actually tell us about Parkinson’s disease?

International audienceParkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder of unknown origin mainly characterized by the loss of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of intraneuronal proteinaceous inclusions called Lewy bodies. Lysosomes are dynamic organelles that degrade, in a controlled manner, cellular components delivered via the secretory, endocytic, autophagic and phagocytic membrane-trafficking pathways. Increasing amounts of evidence suggest a central role of lysosomal impairment in PD aetiology. This review provides an update on how genetic evidence support this connection and highlights how the neuropathologic and mechanistic evidence might relate to the disease process in sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease. Finally, we discuss the influence of ageing on lysosomal impairment and PD aetiology and therapeutic strategies targeting lysosomal function

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