The complex story of intergenomic recombination in ABB allotriploid bananas. [W099]

Bananas (Musa spp.) are a major staple food for hundreds of millions of people in developing countries. The cultivated varieties are seedless and parthenocarpic clones of which the ancestral origin remains to be clarified. The most important cultivars are triploids with an AAA, AAB, or ABB genome constitution, with A and B genomes provided by M. acuminata and M. balbisiana, respectively. Previous studies suggested that inter-genome recombinations were relatively common in banana cultivars and that triploids were more likely to have passed through an intermediate hybrid. In this study, we investigated the chromosome structure within the ABB group, composed of starchy cooking bananas that play an important role in food security. Using SNP markers called from RAD-Seq data, we studied the chromosome structure of 36 ABB genotypes spanning defined taxonomic subgroups. To complement our understanding, we search for similar events within nine AB hybrid genotypes.Recurrent Homoeologous Exchanges (HEs), i.e. chromatin exchanges between A and B subgenomes were unraveled with at least 9 founding events at the origin of the ABB bananas prior to the clonal diversification. The discovery of this nine founding events allows discussing the possible routes that led to the creation of the different subgroups and formulate new hypotheses. Based on our observations, we suggest different routes that gave rise to the current diversity in the ABB cultivars. Routes involving primary AB hybrids, routes leading to shared HEs and routes leading to a B excess ratio. Genetic fluxes took place between M. acuminata and M. balbisiana, particularly in India, where these unbalanced AB hybrids and ABB allotriploid originated and where cultivated M. balbisiana are abundant. The result of this study clarifies the classification of ABB cultivars and leading possibly to the revision of the classification of this subgroup. This is an important step to unravel the origin of polyploid bananas, and contributes to possible scenarios on the origin. ABB bananas are hypothesized to be more drought tolerant. Knowing the origin of our current cultivars and so their potential parents will help breeders to make the right choices for future crosses. The M. balbisiana genome is a good source to create new cultivars able to answer the numerous challenges of banana breeding

Cas difficiles et défaisabilité des règles

L'affaire est célèbre. Le maire de Gotham City a pris une ordonnance qui interdit aux véhicules d'entrer dans les parcs et jardins de la ville. Une ambulance se présente aux portes du parc municipal Ra's al Ghu

Du système au bric-à-brac? Le nouveau régime contentieux des ordonnances non ratifiées

National audienc

Cas difficiles et défaisabilité des règles

National audienceL'affaire est célèbre. Le maire de Gotham City a pris une ordonnance qui interdit aux véhicules d'entrer dans les parcs et jardins de la ville. Une ambulance se présente aux portes du parc municipal Ra's al Ghu