Complexes bien définis alkylidènes et alkylidynes de métaux des groupes 5 à 7 supportés sur silice (synthèse, caractérisation et réactivité en métathèse des oléfines)

En catalyse homogène, le champ d'application de la métathèse des oléfines a été grandement élargi grâce à l'introduction de complexes carbéniques hautement actifs, sélectifs et tolérants de nombreuses fonctionnalités. Les catalyseurs hétérogènes (oxydes de Mo, W et Re supportés) sont en revanche beaucoup moins performants. La faible concentration des sites actifs en surface rend très difficile leur caractérisation. Ceci empêche l'amélioration rationnelle de ces catalyseurs. Inspirés par la catalyse homogène et en utilisant une approche de type chimie organométallique de surface, nous avons préparé des complexes carbènes ou précurseurs de carbènes supportés sur silice : [([identique à]SiO)-Ta(-CH[exposant t]Bu)(CH2[exposant t]Bu)2], [([identique à]SiO)-Mo([identique à]C[exposant t]Bu)(CH2[exposant t]Bu)2], [([identique à]SiO)-W([identique à]C[exposant t]Bu)(CH2[exposant t]Bu)2] et syn=[([identique à]SiO)-Re([identique à]C[exposant t]Bu)(=CH2[exposant t]Bu)(CH2[exposant t]Bu)]. L'utilisation de la RMN du solide 1D et 2D sur des complexes enrichis au [exposant 13]C ainsi que la synthèse de complexes homogènes modèles (polysilsesquioxannes) ont été déterminantes. Ainsi, nous avons pu mettre en évidence pour la première fois par RMN du solide des protons diastéréotopiques, des ligands carbènes, des ligands carbynes ainsi qu'une isomérisation syn-anti d'un système carbyne-carbène dans la sphère de coordination d'un métal greffé sur une surface. syn=[([identique à]SiO)-Re([identique à]C[exposant t]Bu)(=CH2[exposant t]Bu)(CH2[exposant t]Bu)] catalyse la métathèse des oléfines terminales, internes et même fonctionnalisées, à 25C, sans activateur, en phase gaz ou liquide, avec des TOs de l'ordre de 0.1-1 s-1. Avec environ 900 TONs réalisés en 2 h à 25C, syn=[([identique à]SiO)-Re([identique à]C[exposant t]Bu)(=CH2[exposant t]Bu)(CH2[exposant t]Bu)] est à ce jour le catalyseur hétérogène le plus efficace en métathèse de l'oléate de méthyle. Cette étude constitue donc un premier pas vers des catalyseurs hétérogènes mieux définis et plus performants.LYON1-BU.Sciences (692662101) / SudocSudocFranceF

A Highly Active Well-Defined Rhenium Heterogeneous Catalyst for Olefin Metathesis Prepared via Surface Organometallic Chemistry

A Highly Active Well-Defined Rhenium Heterogeneous Catalyst for Olefin Metathesis Prepared via Surface Organometallic Chemistr

Perhydrocarbyl Re VII Complexes: Comparison of Molecular and Surface Complexes

International audienceThe molecular complex [Re(=CtBu)(=CHtBu)(CH2tBu)2] 1 reacts with a silica partially dehydroxylated at 700 degrees C to give syn-2, [(=SiO)Re(=CtBu)(=CHtBu)(CH2tBu)], as a single isomer according to mass-balance analysis, IR, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 1D and 2D solid-state NMR (HETCOR and long-range HETCOR) on a 13C-labeled-2 has allowed us to observe the chemical shifts of all carbons (including those that are not labeled) and ascertain their assignments. Moreover, EXAFS data are consistent with the presence of two carbons at a relatively short distance (1.79 A), which cannot be deconvoluted, but which are consistent with the presence of alkylidene and alkylidyne carbons along with two other first neighbors at a longer distance (2.01 A), the alkyl carbon and the O atom by which the Re is attached to the surface. Moreover, the data also suggest the presence of a siloxane bridge of the silica surface at 2.4 A in the coordination sphere of the Re center. Thermal and photochemical treatment allow us to observe the anti isomer, which was also fully characterized by 1D and 2D solid-state NMR. This behavior parallels the reactivity of molecular Re complexes, and their respective 1H and 13C chemical shifts match those of the corresponding molecular analogues syn- and anti-2m and n. Finally, the grafting of 1 onto silica involves the reaction of both the alkyl and the alkylidene ligand with an equiprobability, leaving the alkylidyne as a spectator ligand. Noteworthy is the formation of 2 [(=SiO)Re(=CtBu)(=CHtBu)(CH2tBu)], rather than the corresponding trisneopentyl-neopentylidyne Re complex, monografted on silica, [(=SiO)Re(=CtBu)(CH2tBu)3], which would have been expected from the reactivity of 1 with various molecular Brönsted acids and which also suggests that a proximal siloxane bridge forces the alpha-H abstraction process, leading to syn-2a

Perhydrocarbyl Re^VII Complexes: Comparison of Molecular and Surface Complexes

The molecular complex [Re(⋮CtBu)(CHtBu)(CH2tBu)2] (1) reacts with a silica partially dehydroxylated at 700 °C to give syn-2, [(⋮SiO)Re(⋮CtBu)(CHtBu)(CH2tBu)], as a single isomer according to mass-balance analysis, IR, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 1D and 2D solid-state NMR (HETCOR and long-range HETCOR) on a 13C-labeled-2 has allowed us to observe the chemical shifts of all carbons (including those that are not labeled) and ascertain their assignments. Moreover, EXAFS data are consistent with the presence of two carbons at a relatively short distance (1.79 Å), which cannot be deconvoluted, but which are consistent with the presence of alkylidene and alkylidyne carbons along with two other first neighbors at a longer distance (2.01 Å), the alkyl carbon and the O atom by which the Re is attached to the surface. Moreover, the data also suggest the presence of a siloxane bridge of the silica surface at 2.4 Å in the coordination sphere of the Re center. Thermal and photochemical treatment allow us to observe the anti isomer, which was also fully characterized by 1D and 2D solid-state NMR. This behavior parallels the reactivity of molecular Re complexes, and their respective 1H and 13C chemical shifts match those of the corresponding molecular analogues syn- and anti-2m and n. Finally, the grafting of 1 onto silica involves the reaction of both the alkyl and the alkylidene ligand with an equiprobability, leaving the alkylidyne as a spectator ligand. Noteworthy is the formation of 2 [(⋮SiO)Re(⋮CtBu)(CHtBu)(CH2tBu)], rather than the corresponding trisneopentyl-neopentylidyne Re complex, monografted on silica, [(⋮SiO)Re(⋮CtBu)(CH2tBu)3], which would have been expected from the reactivity of 1 with various molecular Brönsted acids and which also suggests that a proximal siloxane bridge forces the α-H abstraction process, leading to syn-2a