Factors Associated with Being Overweight and Obesity in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy: Socioclinical, Inflammation, and Metabolic Markers

Background: We investigated the association between socioclinical, inflammatory, and metabolic markers and weight gain in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Methods: Individuals from the COPANA cohort of normal weight (body mass index [BMI], 18.5-24.9 [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) at cART initiation who achieved virological suppression (viral load, \u3c 50 copies/mL) and maintained it through 36 months of treatment were selected. Clinical, immunovirological, and socioeconomic data and inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, CXCL10, CXCL8, interleukin 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2, soluble CD14, and soluble CD16) and serum metabolic (glucose, insulin, lipid profile, adiponectin, and leptin) markers were assessed. Factors associated with becoming overweight (BMI, 25-29.9) or obese (BMI, ≥30) at 36 months were assessed using multivariate logistic regression models. Results: After 36 months of cART, 32 of 158 people with HIV (20%) became overweight or obese (21% female; 65% born in France and 23% born in sub-Saharan Africa; median BMI at cART initiation, 22 [interquartile range, 21-23]). After adjustment, higher BMI, originating from sub-Saharan Africa, living in a couple, and higher soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 and lower adiponectin concentrations at cART initiation were associated with becoming overweight or obese. Conclusion: Weight gain on cART is multifactorial. Special attention should be given to migrants from sub-Saharan Africa. Monocyte activation and adipocyte dysfunction at cART initiation affect weight regulation

Flight Test: A Key Milestone for Climate-Neutral Aircraft Concepts Validation and Certification

The global aviation industry has been massively impacted by the COVID crisis which lead to a collapse of the traffic and urged the need for a climate-neutral aviation. The sector is undergoing great mutations with the emergence of an urban air mobility based on eVTOL modules, electric and hydrogen airplanes for the short –haul transport and fuel efficient engines combined with sustainable aviation fuels for the long-haul flights. For years, Safran Data Systems's turn-key solutions for data collection, recording, transmission and processing have given aircraft manufacturers an edge on their flight test campaigns. Based on its expertise Safran Data Systems aims at assisting aircraft manufacturers in the validation and certification of tomorrow’s concepts by expanding its portfolio on flight test instrumentation solutions for electric, hydrogen and emission efficient aircrafts. Proof-of-concepts are conducted to explore new innovative solutions such as HVDC electrical systems monitoring.International Foundation for TelemeteringProceedings from the International Telemetering Conference are made available by the International Foundation for Telemetering and the University of Arizona Libraries. Visit https://telemetry.org/contact-us/ if you have questions about items in this collection

Sciences de l'intervention en EPS et en sport

Cet ouvrage de synthèse présente les résultats des recherches et les fondements théoriques des travaux menés au cours des dix dernières années dans le cadre de l'Association pour la Recherche sur l'Intervention en Sport (ARIS) depuis le premier colloque officiel (Grenoble, 2000)

Thermal Bridging Through Branches of Snow-Covered Shrubs Cool Down Permafrost in Winter

Abstract Warming-induced shrub expansion on Arctic tundra (Arctic greening) is thought to warm up permafrost by several degrees, as shrubs trap blowing snow and increase snowpack thermal insulation, limiting permafrost winter cooling and facilitating its thaw. At Bylot Island, (Canadian high Arctic, 73°N) we monitored permafrost temperature at nearby unmanipulated herb tundra and shrub tundra sites and unexpectedly observed that low shrubs cool permafrost by 1.21°C over the November-February period. This is despite a snowpack twice as insulating in shrubs. Using heat transfer models and finite-element simulations, we show that this winter cooling is caused by thermal bridging through frozen shrub branches. This effect largely compensates the warming effect induced by the more insulating snow in shrubs. The cooling is partly canceled in spring when shrub branches under snow absorb solar radiation and accelerate permafrost warming. The overall effect is expected to depend on snow and shrub characteristics and terrain aspect. These significant perturbations of the permafrost thermal regime by shrub branches should be considered in projections of permafrost thawing, nutrient recycling and greenhouse gas emissions.</jats:p

Permafrost cooled in winter by thermal bridging through snow-covered shrub branches

AbstractConsiderable expansion of shrubs across the Arctic tundra has been observed in recent decades. These shrubs are thought to have a warming effect on permafrost by increasing snowpack thermal insulation, thereby limiting winter cooling and accelerating thaw. Here, we use ground temperature observations and heat transfer simulations to show that low shrubs can actually cool the ground in winter by providing a thermal bridge through the snowpack. Observations from unmanipulated herb tundra and shrub tundra sites on Bylot Island in the Canadian high Arctic reveal a 1.21 °C cooling effect between November and February. This is despite a snowpack that is twice as insulating in shrubs. The thermal bridging effect is reversed in spring when shrub branches absorb solar radiation and transfer heat to the ground. The overall thermal effect is likely to depend on snow and shrub characteristics and terrain aspect. The inclusion of these thermal bridging processes into climate models may have an important impact on projected greenhouse gas emissions by permafrost.</jats:p

Next-generation sequencing in breast pathology: real impact on routine practice over a decade since its introduction

International audienceThe diagnosis, histomolecular classes of breast cancers (luminal A, luminal B, HER2-enriched, and basal-like), and accurate prediction of prognosis are commonly determined using morphological and phenotypical analyses in clinical practice worldwide. Therapeutic strategies are mostly based on the disease stage and molecular subclasses of breast cancer. Targeted therapies, such as anti-HER2s, poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors or, to a lesser extent, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase inhibitors, have substantially improved breast cancer patient prognosis over the past decades. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression is widely determined based on immunohistochemistry, while next-generation sequencing (NGS) is currently employed to assess the presence of molecular alterations, including breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) and 2 or phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutations, which are targets of these new approved therapies. In addition, next-generation sequencing (NGS) can aid the pathologist in challenging situations, such as a diagnostic workup for a metastatic carcinoma in lymph nodes of unknown origin, differential diagnosis of spindle cell tumourtumor in the breast between metaplastic carcinoma, malignant PT and sarcoma, o, as well as determining relatedness between primary breast cancers and recurrences. NGS offers a powerful tool that enables the pathologist to combine morphological analyses together with molecular alterations in challenging diagnostic situations

Permafrost cooled in winter by thermal bridging through snow-covered shrub branches

International audienceermafrost stores about 1,400 Pg of frozen carbon, mostly in the form of decomposing vegetal material 1. Permafrost thaw accelerates the metabolism of soil microbes, increasing the release of the greenhouse gases (GHG) CO 2 and CH 4 (ref. 2). The rate of thawing is affected by little-understood feedbacks 3. Shrub expansion in the Arctic 4 is suspected of accelerating permafrost thaw by increasing snow accumulation 5,6 , which reduces winter cooling by insulating permafrost from the cold winter air. Furthermore, shrubs enhance snowpack insulation in the high Arctic by favouring the formation of depth hoar, a highly insulating snow type, at the expense of more conductive wind slabs prevailing over windswept herb tundra 6,7. Several Arctic field observations and manipulations indicate that shrub expansion leads to permafrost winter warming. One study 6 observed that in shrubs, the snow was 60% more insulating at shrub sites than at tussock tundra sites, resulting in 3 °C warmer soils. Dead shrubs placed on open tundra resulted in topsoil warming by 4-5 °C in January 8. Another study 9 found that March temperatures were about 2.5 °C and 5 °C warmer under dwarf shrubs and tall shrubs, respectively, than under lichen. In these three studies, snow at shrub sites was thicker than in the absence of shrubs. At Bylot Island (73° N), previous studies 7 reported a greater proportion of depth hoar in willow shrubs and measured mean snow thermal conductivities 29% lower in willows than on herb tundra. However, snow was not thicker in willows. Simulations of the permafrost thermal regime under willows and under herb tundra, accounting for snow differences, indicated that minimum winter permafrost temperature should be 7-13 °C warmer under willows. This large shrub-induced warming motivated the installation of instruments at shrub and tundra sites to test model predictions. Three years of monitoring contradict predictions and show that shrubs lead to ground cooling in winter. Here, we propose a new process, currently not considered in permafrost studies 10 , to explain observations. We propose that at Bylot Island, froze