Votes or Money? Theory and Evidence from the US Congress.

This paper investigates the relationship between the size of interest groups in terms of voter representation and the interest group?s campaign contributions to politicians. We uncover a robust hump-shaped relationship between the voting share of an interest group and its contributions to a legislator. This pattern is rationalized in a simultaneous bilateral bargaining model where the larger size of an interest group a¤ects the amount of surplus to be split with the politician (thereby increasing contributions), but is also correlated with the strength of direct voter support the group can o¤er instead of monetary funds (thereby decreasing contributions). The model yields simple structural equations that we estimate at the district level employing data on individual and PAC donations and local employment by sector. This procedure yields structural estimates of electoral uncertainty and politicians e¤ectiveness as perceived by the interest groups. Our approach also implicitly delivers a novel method for estimating the impact of campaign spending on election outcomes: we ?nd that an additional vote costs a politician between 100 and 400 ollars depending on the district.

Votes or Money? Theory and Evidence from the US Congress.

This paper investigates the relationship between the size of interest groups in terms of voter representation and the interest group's campaign contributions to politicians. We uncover a robust hump-shaped relationship between the voting share of an interest group and its contributions to a legislator. This pattern is rationalized in a simultaneous bilateral bargaining model where the larger size of an interest group affects the amount of surplus to be split with the politician (thereby increasing contributions), but is also correlated with the strength of direct voter support the group can offer instead of monetary funds (thereby decreasing contributions). The model yields simple structural equations that we estimate at the district level employing data on individual and PAC donations and local employment by sector. This procedure yields estimates of electoral uncertainty and politicians effectiveness as perceived by the interest groups. Our approach also implicitly delivers a novel method for estimating the impact of campaign spending on election outcomes: we find that an additional vote costs a politician between 100 and 400 dollars depending on the district.

Skill Dispersion and Trade Flows

Is skill dispersion a source of comparative advantage? While it is established that a country's aggregate endowment of human capital is an important determinant of comparative advantage, this paper investigates whether the distribution of skills in the labor force can play a role in the determination of trade flows. We develop a multi-country, multi-sector model of trade in which comparative advantage derives from (i) differences across sectors in the complementarity of workers' skills, (ii) the dispersion of skills in the working population. First, we show how higher dispersion in human capital can trigger specialization in sectors characterized by higher substitutability among workers' skills. We then use industry-level bilateral trade data to show that human capital dispersion, as measured by a standard international metric, has a signi…cant effect on trade flows. We …nd that the effect is of a magnitude comparable to that of aggregate endowments. The result is robust to the introduction of several controls for other proximate causes of comparative advantage

Competition and Political Organization: Together or Alone in Lobbying for Trade Policy?

This paper employs a novel data set on lobbying expenditures to measure the degree of within-sector political organization and to explore the determinants of the mode of lobbying and political organization across U.S. industries. The data show that sectors characterized by a higher degree of competition (more substitutable products and a lower concentration of production) tend to lobby more together (through a sector-wide trade association), while sectors with higher concentration and more differentiated products lobby more individually. The paper proposes a theoretical model to interpret the empirical evidence. In an oligopolistic market, firms can benefit from an increase in their product-specific protection measure, if they can raise prices and profits. They find it less profitable to do so in a competitive market where attempts to raise prices are more likely to reduce profits. In competitive markets firms are therefore more likely to lobby together thereby simultaneously raising tariffs on all products in the sector.

Differences between ENB-2 and ADAS-cog in measuring cognitive changes after treatment for Major Neurocognitive Disorder

openDall’esame della letteratura si evince l’esistenza di un’ampia gamma di test e scale di valutazione volta alla diagnosi dei deficit cognitivi nel Disturbo Neurocognitivo maggiore. Il più diffuso a livello internazionale è l’ADAS-cog, ma negli anni sono strati costruiti numerosi strumenti rivolti alla popolazione italiana. D’altra parte l’ADAS-cog, nato come strumento diagnostico per la malattia di Alzheimer, considera categoria principale la memoria, ma nei tipi di Disturbo Neurocognitivo di altra natura può rivelarsi meno sensibile a rilevare i cambiamenti legati all’evoluzione della malattia o come strumento di valutazione dell’efficacia di training cognitivi, specie se non ancorati ai soli aspetti mnestici. Argomento della tesi è stato perciò rilevare le differenze tra ADAS-cog e ENB-2, test che prende in esame le principali sfere cognitive. Le persone oggetto dello studio sono state sottoposte a trattamento, con una valutazione effettuata prima dell’inizio dello stesso e alla sua fine. Questo disegno sperimentale aveva lo scopo di analizzare le differenze di efficacia dei due test nel misurare i cambiamenti, indipendentemente dall’eziologia del Disturbo Neurocognitivo.An examination of the literature shows the existence of a wide range of tests and assessment scales aimed at the diagnosis of cognitive deficits in Major Neurocognitive Disorder. The most widespread internationally is the ADAS-cog, but over the years numerous instruments have been built aimed at the Italian population. On the other hand, the ADAS-cog, created as a diagnostic tool for Alzheimer's disease, considers memory as the main category, but in other types of Neurocognitive Disorder it may prove less sensitive in detecting changes linked to the evolution of the disease or as a tool for evaluating the effectiveness of cognitive training, especially if not anchored only to memory aspects. The topic of the thesis was therefore to detect the differences between ADAS-cog and ENB-2, a test that examines the main cognitive spheres. The people involved in the study underwent treatment, with an assessment carried out before the start of the study and at its end. This experimental design aimed to analyze the differences in effectiveness of the two tests in measuring changes, regardless of the etiology of the Neurocognitive Disorder

Essays on international trade policy and international outsourcing

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2005.Includes bibliographical references.This thesis analyzes two issues in international trade: trade policy determination and international outsourcing. The first three chapters introduce the firm as a novel unit of analysis in the political economy of trade policy. Chapter 1 takes a standard model of political economy of trade policy in the presence of lobbying. It shows that, in the presence of heterogeneity in the participation of firms in political activity, the level of protection is determined, among other factors, by the intensity of lobbying in a given sector. Chapter 2 analyzes the strategic interaction among firms in a given sector and shows how lobbies are formed when protection from foreign competition represents a public good. This chapter offers different criteria that lobby formation might obey and analyzes the impact of the characteristics of the distribution of firm size on the level of protection of industrial sectors. Chapter 3 presents a new dataset which allows me to test the theoretical predictions derived in Chapter 1 and Chapter 2. In particular the empirical results show how ,the level of protection depends positively on the intensity of lobbying as measured in Chapter 1 and how the intensity of lobbying, called here Participation Shares, depend positively on simple characteristics of the distribution of firm size, such as mean and standard deviation.(cont.) The fourth chapter offers a novel perspective on the decision of firms to outsource part of their production activities and looks at the impact of individual firms' decisions on incentive of other firms to outsource. Outsourcing firms face a potential loss of product differentiation, but achieve economies of scale at the level of the intermediate good producer. Interaction among firms in a sector can lead to waves of outsourcing.by Matilde Bombardini.Ph.D

Skill Dispersion and Trade Flows

Is skill dispersion a source of comparative advantage? While it is established that a country's aggregate endowment of human capital is an important determinant of comparative advantage, this paper investigates whether the distribution of skills in the labor force can play a role in the determination of trade flows. We develop a multi-country, multi-sector model of trade in which comparative advantage derives from (i) differences across sectors in the complementarity of workers' skills, (ii) the dispersion of skills in the working population. First, we show how higher dispersion in human capital can trigger specialization in sectors characterized by higher substitutability among workers' skills. We then use industry-level bilateral trade data to show that human capital dispersion, as measured by a standard international metric, has a significant effect on trade flows. We find that the effect is of a magnitude comparable to that of aggregate endowments. The result is robust to the introduction of several controls for other proximate causes of comparative advantage.

Is It Whom You Know or What You Know? An Empirical Assessment of the Lobbying Process

What do lobbyists do? Some believe that lobbyists’ main role is to provide issue-specific information and expertise to congressmen to help guide the law-making process. Others believe that lobbyists mainly provide the firms and other special interests they represent with access to politicians in their “circle of influence” and that this access is the be-all and end-all of how lobbyists affect the lawmaking process. This paper combines a descriptive analysis with more targeted testing to get inside the black box of the lobbying process and inform our understanding of the relative importance of these two views of lobbying. We exploit multiple sources of data covering the period 1999 to 2008, including: federal lobbying registration from the Senate Office of Public Records, Federal Election Commission reports, committee and subcommittee assignments for the 106th to 110th Congresses, and background information on individual lobbyists. A pure issue expertise view of lobbying does not fit the data well. Instead, maintaining connections to politicians appears central to what lobbyists do. In particular, we find that whom lobbyists are connected to (through political campaign donations) directly affects what they work on. More importantly, lobbyists appear to systematically switch issues as the politicians they were previously connected to switch committee assignments, hence following people they know rather than sticking to issues. We also find evidence that lobbyists that have issue expertise earn a premium, but we uncover that such a premium for lobbyists that have connections to many politicians and Members of Congress is considerably larger.

Measuring Risk Attitudes Controlling for Personality Traits*

Abstract: This study measures risk attitudes using two paid experiments: the Holt and Laury (2002) procedure and a variation of the game show Deal or No Deal. The participants also completed a series of personality questionnaires developed in the psychology literature including the risk domains of Weber, Blais, and Betz (2002). As in previous studies risk attitudes vary within subjects across elicitation methods. However, this variation can be explained by individual personality traits. Specifically, subjects behave as though the Holt and Laury task is an investment decision while the Deal or No Deal task is a gambling decision

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries