Sharing infrastructure, how to proceed

NGA investments request several forms of infrastructure sharing due to the high level of investments, their efficiency vary dramatically following circumstances and areas. The right choice is a key feature to facilitate infrastructure competition. The purpose of the paper is to compare the different available architectures

PEMANFAATAN PATI GANYONG (CANNA EDULIS KERR) DAN PATI BENGKUANG (PACHIRRHYZUS EROSUS) MODIFIKASI SEBAGAI PENSTABIL EMULSI MINYAK DALAM AIR

Abstrak: Emulsi adalah suatu sistem yang bersifat heterogen yang terdiri dari dua atau lebih cairan yang pada kondisi normal tidak dapat saling bercampur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan pati ganyong dan pati bengkuang yang telah dimodifikasi dengan OSA (Octenyl Succinic Anhydride) dan secara HMT (Heat Moisture Treatment) serta kombinasi dengan tween 80 sebagai penstabil emulsi minyak dalam air. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan perlakuan konsentrasi minyak K1= 20% dan K2=25% dari total emulsi, jenis pati P1 = pati ganyong dan P2 pati bengkuang dan jenis modifikasi M1 = modifikasi OSA dan M2 modifikasi HMT. Konsentrasi minyak dan pengujian penyimpanan selama 10 hari berpengaruh terhadap kestabilan emulsi. Pati bengkuang modifikasi menghasilkan emulsi yang lebih stabil dibandingkan dengan pati ganyong. Emulsi pati bengkuang modifikasi HMT dengan konsentrasi minyak 25% dan modifikasi OSA dengan konsentrasi minyak 20% merupakan emulsi yang paling stabil karena pemisahan paling sedikit setelah penyimpanan 10 hari. Selain itu viskositas paling tinggi dihasilkan oleh emulsi dengan konsentrasi minyak 25%.Kata kunci: Emulsi, modifikasi, stabilitasAbstract: Emulsions are a heterogeneous system consisting two or more liquids that under normal conditions can not be intermingled. The objective of this study was to utilize the modified ganyong starch and bengkuang starch with OSA (Octenyl Succinic Anhydride) and HMT (Heat Moisture Treatment) and their combination with tween 80 as an oil-in-water emulsion stabilizer. This research was conducted with treatment of oil concentration K1 = 20% and K2 = 25% from total emulsion, starch type P1 = ganyong starch and P2 bengkuang starch and type of modification M1 = modification OSA and M2 modification HMT. Oil concentration and storage testing for 10 days have an effect on the emulsion stability. Modified bengkuang starch produces a more stable emulsion compared to starch ganyong. HMT modified starch emulsion with 25% oil concentration and OSA modification with 20% oil concentration is the most stable emulsion due to the least separation after 10 days storage. In addition the highest viscosity produced by emulsion with 25% oil concentration.Keyword : Emulsion, Modification, stabilit

Red alert on the plant-parasitic nematodes of banana

A mutant of 'Grande Naine', the cultivar MAI3 (Mt/sa AAA, Cavendish subgroup) has been selected in the field in Martinique for its good horticultural characteristics (hardiness, bunch conformation, productivity...). This peculiar cultivar always demonstrated significant lower susceptibilities to the bUlTOwing nematode Radopholus similis and to the lesion nematode Pratylenchus coffeae. In addition, the cv MAl3 exhibited singularly redder pseudostem as compared to others Cavendish clones. On the basis ofthese observations, we selected in field conditions some others 'coloured' mutants among different banana subgroups; cv MAl3_Green (Musa AAA, Cavendish subgroup), cv dwarfMossi_Green (Musa AAA, Red subgroup) and cvs 920_Red, 920_Green and 921_Red (Musa AAA, CIRAD hybrids). The susceptibility to nematodes of classic cultivars and associated mutants was evaluated under controlled conditions in a growth chamber on Andosol (volcanic ash soils representative of the French West Indies banana production area), at 24-28°C and 80% RH. Forty-five days after inoculation of each banana clone with 400 R. similis or P. coffeae per plant, the entire root system was carefully collected and weighted, and nematodes were extracted. In vitro micropropagation has no effect on the colour stability of the pseudostem. Reproductive factors and root infestations showed consistent trends, with an increase in R. similis root infestations for green mutants (up to 54%) and a decrease for red mutants (up to 61%) compared to classic cultivars. Surprisingly, the opposite consistent trend was observed for P. coffeae root infestations, with a decrease for green mutants (up to 43%) and an increase for red mutants (up to 76%) compared to classic cultivars. These results provide first evidence that colour criterion, representative of the anthocyanins content, could be a good and fairly simple indicator of nematode susceptibility in selection process. (Texte intégral

日本とくに北海道の乳牛舎の比較研究

In Japan as in Belgium the cow house should be constructed as a single-floor-building. As well from the point of view of labour requirement ;and animal health as construction costs the loose house with_ cubicles and concrete slatted floors between the cubicle rows, must be preferred above the stanchion barn, when the size of the herd is 25 or more cows. In Hokkaido the loose house and the stanchion barn should be insulated, the latter more than the former ; in Honshu only the stanchion barn and the roof of the loose house must de insulated (K≦1) . Natural ventilation can give complete satisfaction, when it is well regulated. When constructing a stanchion barn, one should build the strawless type in order to reduce labour requirement. Full attention should be given to all construction details in order to avoid injuries with the cows and save labour

Which are the consequences of vectoring technology, broadcast services and business services on NGA recommendation implementation

Competition by FTTH infrastructure is not an universal solution to solve competition on broadband markets. In addition the border between broadband products and leased lines products becomes less clear Competition of legacy copper networks Eurodocsys 3 obliges to increase VDSL performance. Unfortunately, the present state of the proposed technology - the vectoring - is incompatible with subloop unbundling. Without subloop unbundling, there is no possibility for alternative operator to provide broadcast TV services and triple play with the risk to be out of market. Multicast is a huge investment for SMP operator and a huge operational cost for small and medium alternative operator, so the sharing of the IPTV platform can be a win-win alternative but not in the scope of the related bitstream market. Challenging leased lines in NGN environment where bitstream should be the main tool needs also an adapted assessment of these markets

Biodegradation of imidazolium ionic liquids by activated sludge microorganisms

Biological properties of ionic liquids (ILs) have been usually tested with the help of standard biodegradation or ecotoxicity tests. So far, several articles on the identification of intermediate metabolites of microbiological decay of ILs have been published. Simultaneously, the number of novel ILs with unrecognized characteristics regarding biodegradability and effect on organisms and environment is still increasing. In this work, seven imidazolium ionic liquids of different chemical structure were studied. Three of them are 1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bromides, while the other four are tetra- or completely substituted imidazolium iodides. This study focused on the identification of intermediate metabolites of the aforementioned ionic liquids subjected to biodegradation in a laboratory activated sludge system. Both fully substituted ionic liquids and 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bromide were barely biodegradable. In the case of two of them, no biotransformation products were detected. The elongation of the alkyl side chain made the IL more susceptible for microbiological decomposition. 1-Decyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bromide was biotransformed most easily. Its primary biodegradation up to 100 % could be achieved. Nevertheless, the cleavage of the imidazolium ring has not been observed