39 research outputs found

    Body Size Shifts in Philippine Reef Fishes: Interfamilial Variation in Responses to Protection

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    As a consequence of intense fishing pressure, fished populations experience reduced population sizes and shifts in body size toward the predominance of smaller and early maturing individuals. Small, early-maturing fish exhibit significantly reduced reproductive output and, ultimately, reduced fitness. As part of resource management and biodiversity conservation programs worldwide, no-take marine protected areas (MPAs) are expected to ameliorate the adverse effects of fishing pressure. In an attempt to advance our understanding of how coral reef MPAs meet their long-term goals, this study used visual census data from 23 MPAs and fished reefs in the Philippines to address three questions: (1) Do MPAs promote shifts in fish body size frequency distribution towards larger body sizes when compared to fished reefs? (2) Do MPA size and (3) age contribute to the efficacy of MPAs in promoting such shifts? This study revealed that across all MPAs surveyed, the distribution of fishes between MPAs and fished reefs were similar; however, large-bodied fish were more abundant within MPAs, along with small, young-of-the-year individuals. Additionally, there was a significant shift in body size frequency distribution towards larger body sizes in 12 of 23 individual reef sites surveyed. Of 22 fish families, eleven demonstrated significantly different body size frequency distributions between MPAs and fished reefs, indicating that shifts in the size spectrum of fishes in response to protection are family-specific. Family-level shifts demonstrated a significant, positive correlation with MPA age, indicating that MPAs become more effective at increasing the density of large-bodied fish within their boundaries over time

    Student engagement, challenges and coping mechanisms in high school online distance learning during COVID-19 pandemic

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    На початку пандемії COVID-19 більшість навчальних закладів подбали про безперервність навчання. Дистанційне онлайн навчання (ДОН) (Online Distance Learning – ODL) як гнучкий метод було обрано більшістю шкіл. Інтернет є одним з багатьох інструментів, які забезпечують безперервність викладання та навчання. Багато шкіл впровадили ДОН (ODL), використовуючи власну систему управління навчанням (СУН) (Learning Management System – LMS). Однак школам важко залучити очікувану кількість студентів, які повинні справлятися з новим навчальним середовищем, де вони фізично відокремлені від учителів і однолітків. Представлене дослідження має на меті оцінити залучення студентів старшої школи до середовища ДОН (ODL). Зокрема в дослідженні надається профіль респондента, який має бути залучений, рекомендовані навчальні ресурси і види діяльності, а також визначені проблеми, які виникають під час здійснення ДОН (ODL). Для створення профілів були використанні реєстраційні дані студентів із СУН (LMS) університету за період другого семестру 2020 – 2021 років. Крім цього, було проведено онлайн опитування серед 424 студентів. які відповіли на питання щодо більш цікавих для них навчальних ресурсів, видів діяльності та проблем, з якими вони стикаються під час проведення ДОН (ODL). Результати дослідження показують, що найбільш поширеними навчальними ресурсами під час ДОН (ODL) є поставлені завдання і файли, що надаються, а також те, що студенти часто використовують вікторини, найбільш популярними серед яких є Quiz і Wiki. Крім цього, навчальними матеріалами, які найчастіше використовують, є слайд-шоу та матеріали у форматі PDF або MS Word. Найбільш прийнятним видом навчальної діяльності студенти визнали урок, зазначивши його найбільшу користь під час ДОН (ODL). Брак мотивації або впевненості з позначкою «кожного разу» було оцінено студентами середнім балом 3,49. Велике навантаження, зволікання, відсутність взаємодії та технічні проблеми оцінюються як «кожного разу», що свідчить про те, що респонденти стикаються з великими труднощами. Під час дослідження було визначено, що найпоширенішим механізмом для подолання проблем був щоденний вхід і розподіл обов’язків, а найнижчим рівнем – спілкування з учителями. Отже, залучити до онлайн навчання непідготовлених до нього студентів дуже складно. Існує надто великий спектр навчальних ресурсів і діяльності, до яких прихильні студенти, а також потреба покращити різноманітність асинхронних дій, таких як інтерактивні мультимедіа, наприклад, гейміфікація.Most educational institutions made sure that instruction was uninterrupted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a flexible learning method, most schools chose online distance learning (ODL). Consequently, the Internet is among the many tools that ensures continuity in teaching and learning. Many schools have adopted ODL using their learning management system (LMS). However, schools are challenged in attaining the expected engagement among students. Students must cope with the new learning environment wherein they are physically separated from teachers and peers. This research aims to assess the engagement of senior high school in the ODL environment. Specifically, it describes the respondent’s engagement profile, preferred learning resources and activities, and challenges faced in ODL. Student logs from the university LMS during the second semester of 2020 – 2021 were utilized for engagement profiling. On the other hand, an online survey was conducted among 424 students to gather their preferred learning resources, activities, and challenges experienced in ODL. Results show that assignments and files are the most common resources used during the ODL. It shows that attendance and quizzes are what students often visit. Quiz and Wiki are where students spend their time. The result indicates that Slideshows and PDF or MS word materials are the most preferred learning materials. The Lesson is the most preferred learning activity, and students perceived that this activity is the most useful in the ODL. Lack of motivation or confidence earned the highest mean of 3.49, described as “every time.” Heavy workload, procrastination, lack of interaction, and technical issues are rated “every time,” showing that respondents are heavily challenged. In terms of coping, the result indicates that daily login and breaking down responsibilities were the most common mechanism. Communicating with the teachers yielded the lowest coping mean. The study concludes that engaging students in online distance learning are very challenging, especially when learners are not ready. Preferences in terms of learning resources and activities are multi-faceted. There is a need to improve the variation of asynchronous activities like interactive multimedia, such as gamification

    Profiles of filipino teachers and their online teaching competencies during the pandemic

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    Пандемія COVID-19 прискорила перехід до онлайн-навчання, виявивши прогалини основних онлайн-навичок, якими мають володіти викладачі. З огляду на глобальні зміни, філіппінські освітяни зіткнулися з проблемами адаптації до онлайн-навчання, особливо під час пандемії. З метою оцінювання навичок учителів з навчання онлайн було проаналізовано профілі 259 філіппінських учителів, які працюють як у базовій середній, так і у вищій освіті. Зокрема в дослідженні розглядається використання респондентами Інтернету, соціальних мереж та проаналізовані їх соціальні технографічні профілі. Також у дослідженні оцінюються компетентності вчителів під час викладання онлайн. Крім цього визначено значні взаємозв'язки та відмінності між профілями та компетентностями вчителів. Результати показують, що 47,49% респондентів мають помірні труднощі з підключення до Інтернету. Хоча всі респонденти мали акаунти у Facebook, лише 11,97% активно користувалися Twitter. Значна частина, а саме 60% вчителів, визначили себе "користувачами соціальних мереж", що свідчить про активне використання різних онлайн-платформ. Також виявлено, що вчителі, які брали участь в опитуванні, мають середній рівень навичок, необхідних для викладання онлайн. Результати показують значний зв'язок між показниками рівня необхідних навичок учителів для викладання онлайн та їх статтю, громадянським статусом, задоволеністю інтернетом, а також соціальним технографічним профілем. Наявність або відсутність акаунтів у Facebook (FB) і Twitter, задоволеність інтернетом, а також соціальна і технологічна активність показали помітні відмінності в компетентностях онлайн-викладання. Крім цього представлене дослідження дає уявлення про сучасний “ландшафт” навичок викладання онлайн серед філіппінських освітян, висвітлюючи як сильні сторони, так і сфери, що потребують удосконалення. Новизна цієї роботи полягає в комплексному аналізі кореляції між демографічними профілями освітян, соціально-технологічною драбиною та компетентностями викладання онлайн у філіппінському контексті. Результати підкреслюють важливість постійного професійного розвитку вчителів, спрямованого на підвищення їх кваліфікації, що в кінцевому підсумку має збагатити досвід учнів з онлайн-навчання.The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the transition to online teaching, revealing gaps in educators' essential online skills. In response to this global shift, Filipino educators encountered challenges adapting to the demands of online instruction. This study delves into the profiles of 259 teachers in the Philippines, spanning both basic and higher education, to assess their online teaching competencies during the pandemic. Specifically, this paper examines the respondent's internet usage, social media ownership, and social technographic profiles. Secondly, the paper assesses and measures teachers' competencies in online teaching. Lastly, the study explores significant relationships and differences between the profiles and the competencies. Results show that 47.49% of respondents reported moderate ease in internet connectivity. While all respondents had Facebook accounts, only 11.97% actively used Twitter. A significant portion, constituting 60% of teachers, identified as "social media joiners," indicating active engagement on various platforms. The study reveals a moderate level of proficiency in online teaching skills among surveyed teachers. The result reveals that teachers' sex, civil status, internet satisfaction, and the social technographic profile demonstrated a statistically significant relationship with their online teaching competencies. Sex, civil status, teaching category, and highest educational attainment displayed substantial differences in online teaching competencies. The presence or absence of Facebook (FB) and Twitter accounts, internet satisfaction, and social and technological engagement showed notable differences in online teaching competencies. In conclusion, this research provides insights into the current landscape of online teaching proficiency among Filipino educators, highlighting both strengths and areas for improvement. The novelty of this paper lies in its comprehensive analysis of the correlation between educators' demographic profiles, social-technologic ladder, and online teaching competencies in the Philippine context. The results underscore the significance of sustained efforts in professional development to augment teachers' abilities, ultimately enriching the online learning experience for students

    Dictyotaceae (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) species from French Polynesia: current knowledge and future research

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    The coral reefs of French Polynesia (FP) have experienced repeated macroalgal blooms over the last decades. These events have prompted intense efforts in fundamental and applied research on macroalgae in this ecoregion, especially regarding species of the order Fucales (Turbinaria ornata and Sargassum pacificum). Recently, however, these proliferations have occurred with a higher frequency, and they now involve additional species. Specifically, over the past decade, the abundance of species belonging to the Dictyotaceae family (e.g., Dictyota bartayresiana and Spatoglossum asperum) has increased on coral reefs around Tahiti Island, the largest and most inhabited island in FP. On the course of evolution, these species have developed physical and chemical defenses to deter grazers, including the production of a wide array of specialized metabolites. These molecules are of particular interest for their promising biological activities as well as for the new Blue Economy opportunities they can offer to FP. We review the current state of knowledge on the diversity, ecology, and potential uses of Dictyotaceae species present in FP. The first section focuses on the diversity and distribution of the family Dictyotaceae in FP. The second part examines the ecological dynamics of Dictyotaceae species in the coral reef ecosystem and their response to various environmental factors. The third and final part reviews the metabolites known from Dictyotaceae species that are present in FP, their associated biological activities, and potential for the development of biotechnological applications in FP

    Mechanisms by which marine protected areas enhance fisheries benefits in neighboring areas

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    Ph.D. University of Hawaii at Manoa 2012.Includes bibliographical references.Marine protected areas (MPAs) are tools used for conservation, and have repeatedly shown effectiveness in restoring and protecting fishery stocks inside the MPA. However, MPA benefits to biodiversity and fisheries beyond its boundaries are less clear. Achieving objectives of increasing both fisheries and biodiversity is controversial, particularly for small community-based no-take MPAs (nt-MPAs). This dissertation investigates mechanisms contributing to fisheries benefits from small nt-MPAs in three areas: (1) density-dependent spillover through indirect evidence from density and biomass gradients of fish species and groups (2) density independent--spillover as exhibited by Caranx sexfasciatus life history patterns and (3) the association of C. ignobilis with the nt-MPA as determined by distribution, catch rates and reproduction patterns. Three general gradient patterns resulted: (1) an abrupt decline close to the nt-MPA boundary, (2) an extended and gradual decline from the nt-MPA boundary to fished areas and (4) a decline from the fished area and falling within the nt-MPA. It is estimated that fishery benefits from density-dependent spillover of small no-take MPAs in the Philippines generally occurs at a small scale (10s-100s m). Larger scale benefits appear to come from density-independent spillover as shown in the life history patterns of C. sexfasciatus. Four size classes were identified in different habitat types. Patterns suggest that emigration from the MPA to fished areas is density-independent. Factors driving the habitat shifts include habitat complexity, predator densities, current velocity and the accompanying diet and reproductive shifts. Protection of the existing MPA is limited to C. sexfasciatus intermediate sizes (15--37 cm, SL) and excludes the recruits, younger juveniles and spawning sizes. For C. ignobilis, distribution, densities and fish catch rates patterns suggest a home range center located on the northern traditional fishing grounds beyond the existing Apo Island nt-MPA. The location, size, and mixed use of this MPA make C. ignobilis more vulnerable to exploitation and a less sustainable fishery within the MPA than originally intended. Results suggest that more effective designs of MPAs for fisheries management must take into consideration fish assemblage movements and life history patterns of key coral reef and commercially important fishery species

    Synch-Ur-Life: Technical Report

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    This project aims to create a straightforward, efficient task management system designed to improve productivity and organizational skills. It focuses on delivering a simple and effective way for users to manage their tasks, emphasizing ease of use, clear interfaces, and reliable functionality. The goal is to offer a solution that helps users streamline their daily routines, enhancing their ability to organize, prioritize, and complete tasks effectively. By providing a tool that is accessible and adaptable, the project seeks to support users in their personal and professional task management, making it easier for them to stay organized and focused

    Recovery of the Apo Island Marine Reserve, Philippines, 2 years after the El Niño bleaching event

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    Long-term trends in yield and catch rates of the coral reef fishery at Apo Island, central Philippines

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    Fish yields and catch rates recorded in the 1980s were compared with daily roving creel surveys carried out in 1997/98, 2000 and 2001 at Apo Island. Total annual fish yields were measured six times over the period 1980–2001. Total fish yield was 19–25 t km–2 year–1, with reef and reef-associated fish accounting for 15–20 t km–2 year–1, for five measurements. A sixth measurement, made in 1986, estimated 36.7 t km–2 year–1. Annual yield remained stable over the study period. Carangidae and Acanthuridae accounted for 26–47% and 16–27% of the catch, respectively. Non-reef catches declined over time, from 6.21 t year–1 in 1980/81 to 1–2 t year–1 in 2000 and 2001. Estimates of annual hook and line catch per unit effort (CPUE) increased from 0.13–0.17 kg man–1 h–1 in 1980/81, to 1–2 kg man–1 h–1 in 1997–2001. For target families, hook and line CPUE was consistently higher in 1997–2001 than in 1980–86. However, hook and line CPUE for Carangidae and Acanthuridae declined significantly between 1997 and 2001. Possible reasons for the long-term patterns of fish yields and catch rates are discussed. Differences in methods used in estimates, and changes in gears and fishing effort over the years, make comparisons difficult

    Spillover from marine reserves: the case of Naso vlamingii at Apo Island, the Philippines

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    The use of no-take marine reserves as fisheries management tools is controversial. A major expectation of marine reserves is that they will become net exporters of adult biomass (the ‘spillover effect’). Herein, we show that the biomass of the surgeonfish Naso vlamingii tripled over 18 yr (1983 to 2001) in a reserve at Apo Island, Philippines. Over time, the biomass of N. vlamingii increased by a factor of 40 outside but close to the reserve boundaries (200 to 250 m) but not at greater distances (250 to 500 m). In 2000/2001 hook-and-line catch per unit effort (CPUE) for\ud N. vlamingii was 45 times higher within 200 m of the reserve boundary than for all other fishing grounds combined, with 62.5% of the hook-and-line catch records being recorded within 200 m either side of the reserve, in just 11% of the reef fishing area. This comprises some of the best evidence that reserves can benefit fisheries by spillover
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