Aquaculture development in rural atomistic societies

This paper was originally prepared for presentation for the Workshop on Aquaculture, sponsored by the International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Study, Ulriksdals Slott, Solna, Sweden, which was held at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, March 19-21, 1979.For technological innovations to succeed in alleviating problems of rural underdevelopment they must be appropriate to the sociocultural context in which they are to be developed. Technical and economic feasibility alone is not enough. Atomistic rural societies--which are societies lacking in suprahousehold organizational entities--are the most common societal type found in the impoverished rural regions of the less developed countries. Development efforts in such societies and especially those where shortage of food is an acute problem, should aim first at intensification and regularization of domestic food production by increasing the productivity of households. When considering aquaculture development, family-operated, housesite, subsistence-oriented ponds, which employ rudimentary technology, would seem an appropriate innovation in atomistic communities. The author's field experience in an atomistic community in rural Mexico provides perspectives for the discussion.Prepared with funds from the Pew Memorial Trust and by the Department of Commerce, NOAA Office of Sea Grant under Grant #04-8-M01-149, and the Institution's Marine Policy and Ocean Management Program

Divided we fall: gender-based occupational segregation in Kentucky’s executive branch 2012-2020.

Fifty-eight years have passed since the Title VII of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964 was signed into law, yet discrimination in employment still occurs; the Kentucky Executive Branch is no exception. This paper will use Theodore Lowi’s agency typology and EEOC categorical data from the 2012 and 2020 Kentucky Office of Diversity and Employment Training Semi-Annual Report on Female and Minority Employment (SAR) to identify gendered occupational segregation in three distinct Executive Branch agencies, address potential contributing factors and areas of change (Alkadry & Tower, 2006; Lowi, 1985; Newman, 1994; Escriche, 2007). Addressing any underlying discriminatory practices that may be systemic in the Kentucky Executive Branch is crucial to achieving an end to occupational segregation, bringing Kentucky closer to the goal of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. First, an acknowledgment that there is a problem must be made. Kentucky has a problem

Fisheries policy and the underdevelopment of inshore Pacific Mexico

Development of shrimp-export industry brought about the underdevelopment of Pacific Mexico's inshore fisheries. The rural fishery of south Sinaloa provides a case in point, as well as a point of departure for considering fisheries development and management policy for similar fisheries in certain other less developed countries.Prepared with funds from the Pew Memorial Trust and by the Department of Commerce, NOAA Office of Sea Grant under Grant #04-8-M01-149, and the Institution's Marine Policy and Ocean Management Program

Vulnerable people, vulnerable resources? Exploring the relationship between people's vulnerability and the sustainability of community-managed natural resources

Participatory approaches to the management of common-pool resources (CPRs) are built on the premise that resource-users are dependent on the productivity of the resource and therefore have the incentive to act as resource stewards if empowered to do so. Yet many CPR users have only temporary interest in using the resources. Moreover, they are vulnerable to a range of stressors and risks unrelated to resource access and sustainability concerns. Both of these may undermine such incentives. Furthermore, discounting theory posits that high vulnerability shortens time horizons so that vulnerable CPR users might be expected to heavily discount future benefits from resource conservation. We present an ethnographic study carried out in two communities on Lake Victoria, Uganda, where fisher folk face a range of elevated risks to health and security. These immediate risks undermine participatory fishery management but this does not necessarily indicate inherently short time-horizons; for many, fishing and fish-trading are not perceived as a life-long occupation but as a means to generate capital for investment in other businesses. Thus, whether they are vulnerable or not, it cannot simply be assumed that current CPR users will have a long-term interest in participating in resource management. Incentivizing participation in CPR management for long-term sustainability may have to address both people’s wider vulnerabilities and aspirations

Which Fishers are Satisfied in the Caribbean? A Comparative Analysis of Job Satisfaction Among Caribbean Lobster Fishers

Lobster fishing (targeting the spiny lobster Panulirus argus) is an important economic activity throughout the Wider Caribbean Region both as a source of income and employment for the local population as well as foreign exchange for national governments. Due to the high unit prices of the product, international lobster trade provides a way to improve the livelihoods of fisheries-dependent populations. The specie harvested is identical throughout the region and end market prices are roughly similar. In this paper we wish to investigate to which extent lobster fishers’ job satisfaction differs in three countries in the Caribbean and how these differences can be explained by looking at the national governance arrangements