The Good, the Bad, and the Rare: Memory for Partners in Social Interactions

For cooperation to evolve via direct reciprocity, individuals must track their partners' behavior to avoid exploitation. With increasing size of the interaction group, however, memory becomes error prone. To decrease memory effort, people could categorize partners into types, distinguishing cooperators and cheaters. We explored two ways in which people might preferentially track one partner type: remember cheaters or remember the rare type in the population. We assigned participants to one of three interaction groups which differed in the proportion of computer partners' types (defectors rare, equal proportion, or cooperators rare). We extended research on both hypotheses in two ways. First, participants experienced their partners repeatedly by interacting in Prisoner's Dilemma games. Second, we tested categorization of partners as cooperators or defectors in memory tests after a short and long retention interval (10 min and 1 week). Participants remembered rare partner types better than they remembered common ones at both retention intervals. We propose that the flexibility of responding to the environment suggests an ecologically rational memory strategy in social interactions

Treating gliomas with glucocorticoids: from bedside to bench

Glucocorticoids are used in the treatment of gliomas to decrease tumour-associated oedema and to reduce the risk of acute encephalopathy associated with radiotherapy. However, the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids work are still largely unknown. In this paper, we survey the experimental and clinical evidence for the effects of glucocorticoids on tumour cell proliferation, apoptosis and sensitivity to chemotherapy, angiogenesis and vascular permeability. We then review current guidelines on the choice of molecule, dose and duration of glucocorticoid treatment for gliomas

Enhancing investment in soil health and carbon storage: Frontiers for linking finance and carbon accounting

All of the presentations from the webinar on "Enhancing investment in soil health and carbon storage: Frontiers for linking finance and carbon accounting" held on 10 September 2020. This event is co-organized by CCAFS, The Nature Conservancy, 4 per 1000 Executive Secretariat, World Bank and the Meridian Institute. Panelists included: -Ciniro Costa Jr., CCAFS -Tim Mealey, Meridian Institute -Deborah Bossio, The Nature Conservancy -Martien van Nieuwkoop, World Bank Group -Keith Paustian, Colorado State University -Stefan Jirka, Manager LandScale, Verra -Dan Harburg, Director, Indigo -William Salas, President of Dagan, Inc -Aldyen Donnelly, Director of Carbon Economics, Nori -Debbie Reed, Executive Director of Ecosystem Services Market Consortium (ESMC) -Beverley Henry, Institute for Future Environments-QUT -Pamela M. Bachman, Digital Agriculture & Sustainability Lead, The Climate Corporation, a subsidiary of Bayer -Ronald Vargas, Global Soil Carbon Partnership - FAO -Paul Luu, 4per100

Webinar: Enhancing investment in soil health and carbon storage: Frontiers for linking finance and carbon accounting

This event was co-organized by CCAFS-CGIAR, The Nature Conservancy, 4 per 1000 Executive Secretariat, World Bank and the Meridian Institute.The purpose of this web seminar was to support investment-oriented actions promoting soil health and carbon storage by improving the accounting of soil carbon sequestration. We sought to answer the question: How can soil carbon accounting improve to support investment-oriented actions promoting soil health and carbon storage