Analysis of Patents Issued in China for Antihyperglycemic Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is prevalent, with a dramatic increase in recent years. Moreover, its microvascular and macrovascular complications cause significant societal issues. The demand for new and effective antidiabetic therapies grows with each passing day and motivates organizations and individuals to pay more attention to such products. In this article, we focused on oral antihyperglycemic drugs patented in China and introduced them according to their antihyperglycemic mechanisms. By searching the website of State Intellectual Property Office of the People’s Republic of China (http://www.sipo.gov.cn), 2,500 antihyperglycemic patents for T2DM were identified and analyzed. These consisted of 4 patents for derivatives of herbal extracts (0.2%), 162 patents for herbal extracts (6.5%), 61 compositions for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) (2.4%), 2,263 patents for synthetic compounds (90.5%), and 10 (0.4%) patents of the combination of synthetic compounds and TCM. As the most common drugs for diabetes mellitus, synthetic compounds can also be classified into several categories according to their working mechanisms, such as insulin secretion promotor agents, insulin sensitizer agents, α-glucosidase inhibitors, and so forth. This article discussed the chemical structure, potential antihyperglycemic mechanism of these antihyperglycemic drugs in patents in China.Expert opinion: Insulin sensitivity and β-cell function could be improved by weight loss to prevent prediabetes into T2DM. However, 40–50% patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) still progress to T2DM, even after successful long-term weight loss.Antihyperglycemic remedies provide a treatment option to improve insulin sensitivity and maintain β-cell function. Combination therapy is the best treatment for diabetes. Combination therapy can reduce the dosage of each single drug option, and avoid the side effects. Drugs with different mechanisms are complementary, and are better adapted to patients with changing conditions. Classical combination therapies include combinations such as sulfonylureas plus biguanides or glucosidase inhibitors, biguanide plus glucosidase inhibitors or insulin sensitizers, insulin treatment plus biguanides or glucosidase inhibitors. The general principle of combination therapy is that two drugs with different mechanisms are selected jointly, and the combination of three types of hypoglycemic drugs is not recommended. After reading a large amount of literature, we have rarely found a case of three oral hypoglycemic agents, which may mean that the combination of three oral hypoglycemic agents is unnecessary and has unpredictable risks. There is no objection to the idea of multi-drug therapy. But multiple drugs can only be used when it shows a significant benefit to the patients. Combined use of multiple antidiabetic drugs poses a risk to patients due to drug interactions and overtreatment

Education for rotator cuff-related shoulder pain in public websites, video platforms and randomized trials: a scoping review protocol

A scoping review to map and appraise the quality of the current education sources, including public websites, videos, and randomized trials, that are provided to RCRSP patients

Effects of acupuncture or similar needling therapy on pain, proprioception, balance, and self-reported function in individuals with chronic ankle instability: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: Acupuncture or similar needling therapy has long been used to improve well-being, but its effectiveness in management of chronic ankle instability (CAI) is unclear. To investigate the efficacy of acupuncture or similar needling therapy on pain, proprioception, balance, and self-reported function in individuals with CAI. Methods: Nine databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EBSCO, PEDro, CNKI, WanFang, and CQVIP) were systematically searched from inception to April 2023. This study included randomized controlled trials involving acupuncture or similar needling therapy as an intervention for individuals with CAI. Data were extracted independently by two assessors using a standardized form. Literature quality and risk bias were assessed by using the PEDro scale. Results: Twelve trials (n = 571) were found, of which the final meta-analysis was conducted with eight. Different studies employ varying treatments, including specific needle types, techniques, and therapeutic frameworks. Compared to control without acupuncture or similar needling therapy, acupuncture or similar needling intervention resulted in improved pain (WMD 1.33, 95 % CI 0.14–2.52, I²=90 %, p = 0.03), proprioception (active joint position sense, WMD 1.71, 95 % CI 0.95–2.48, I²=0 %, p < 0.0001), balance (SMD 0.54, 95 % CI 0.03–1.04, I²=46 %, p = 0.04), and self-reported function (Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (WMD 2.92, 95 % CI 0.94–4.90, I²=78 %, p = 0.004); American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (WMD 9.36, 95 % CI 6.57–12.15, I²=0 %, p < 0.001); Foot and Ankle Ability Measure: activities of daily living (WMD 5.09, 95 % CI 1.74–8.44, I²=0 %, p = 0.003)) for individuals with CAI. Conclusions: The available evidence suggests that acupuncture or similar needling therapy may improve pain, proprioception, balance, and self-reported function in individuals with CAI, but more trials are needed to verify these findings. Furthermore, various needles and techniques using in different studies have resulted in methodologic limitations that should be addressed in the future

Mitochondrial transplantation following cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves neurological function in rats by inducing M2-type MG/MΦ polarization

Abstract Aim Explore the effects of mitochondrial transplantation (MT) after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on the polarization of microglia/macrophages (MG/MΦ) and neurological function. Methods Seventy-five Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham, normal saline (NS), vehicle, mitochondria (Mito), and non-functional mitochondria (N-Mito) group. Rats in sham group underwent surgical procedures without cardiac arrest, while the other four groups underwent cardiac arrest and CPR, and then received NS, respiration buffer, mitochondrial suspension or non-functional mitochondria, immediately after the restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The number of mitochondria in the hippocampus, the morphology and structure of mitochondria in MG/MΦ, the phenotype of MG/MΦ, and hippocampal tissue injury, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis were detected on days 1 and 3 after ROSC. Neurodeficit score (NDS) was performed on days 1, 3, 7, 15 and 30 after ROSC. Results Compared with other groups, the number of mitochondria in the hippocampus was increased, and the morphology and structure of mitochondria in MG/MΦ were significantly improved in the Mito group. Our results show higher expression of M2-type markers in MG/MΦ and decreased hippocampal tissue damage in the Mito group. Levels of NSE and S100β in serum, and TNF-α, IL-6 in the hippocampus were decreased, while the levels of TGF-β and IL-10 were increased in the Mito group. Apoptosis rate of neurons in the Mito group was decreased and the NDS of the Mito group was higher than the other groups. Conclusions Exogenous MT can improve neurological function after CPR by promoting the polarization of MG/MΦ to M2-type cells, and this could be a potential method for brain protection after CPR

Synthesis and Comparative Biological Properties of Ag-PEG Nanoparticles with Tunable Morphologies from Janus to Multi-Core Shell Structure

Silver nanoparticles synthesized with polymers as coating agents is an effective method to overcome their poor stability and aggregation in solution. Silver-polyethylene glycol (Ag-PEG) nanoparticles were synthesized with the thiol-functionalized polyethylene glycol (SH-PEA) as the coating, reducing and stabilizing agent. The UV irradiation time, polymer and silver nitrate concentration for the synthesis were investigated. The concentration of silver nitrate had significant effect on the morphology of Ag-PEG nanoparticles. When increasing the concentration of silver nitrate, SEM and TEM images showed that Ag-PEG nanoparticles changed from Janus to multi-core shell structure. Meanwhile, pure silver particles in the two hybrid nanoparticles presented spherical shape and had the similar size of 15 nm. The antibacterial activities and cytotoxicity of the two structural Ag-PEG nanoparticles were investigated to understand colloid morphology effect on the properties of AgNPs. The results of antibacterial activities showed that the two structural Ag-PEG nanoparticles exhibited strong antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The Janus nanoparticles had larger minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) values than the multi-core shell counterparts. The results of cytotoxicity showed the Janus Ag-PEG nanoparticles had lower toxicity than the multi-core shell nanoparticles

Influence of MO-GaN templates on the HVPE growth of semi-polar GaN thick films

This work illustrates the influence of MO-templates and competition mechanism on the HVPE growth of semi-polar GaN (11−22) &amp; (10−13) thick layers.</p