Sosialpedagogikk og sosialt arbeid i Danmark og Norge

Forholdet mellom sosialt arbeid og sosialpedagogikk er omstridt (Lyons og Huegler 2012). Dette har dels sammenheng med hva begrepene viser til, og dels at begrepene også er knyttet til utdanninger og yrkesgrupper med ulik historie og som har ulike interesser å ivareta. I ett perspektiv er det stort overlapp i hva begrepene viser til, i et annet perspektiv har begrepene ulik opprinnelse og historie. Helt fram til begynnelsen av 1970-tallet var det i Danmark og Norge fellestrekkene i utdannings- og yrkesorganisering som var dominerende, men de siste 40 årene er forskjellene mer slående. Forskjellene kan i større grad knyttes til «sosialpedagogikk» enn til «sosialt arbeid». I Danmark ble «socialpædagog» både en yrkesbetegnelse og en yrkesorganisasjon. Det skjedde ikke i Norge. I Danmark ble det etter hvert også en felles sosialpedagogisk utdannelse, og den representerte bare en av flere veier til yrkesbetegnelsen «socialpædagog ». I Norge forble det tre yrkesgrupper; sosionomer, barnevernspedagoger og vernepleiere, som ble knyttet til tre spesifikke utdanninger på høyskole-/universitetsnivå. De siste 40 årene har det i Norge blitt tatt flere initiativ for å løfte fram «sosialpedagogikk» som kunnskapsområde, uten at det kan sies å ha vært vellykket. I Danmark er sosialpedagogikk først og fremst betegnelsen på yrkesfeltet til socialpædagoger. I Norge er sosialpedagog ingen etablert yrkesbetegnelse og sosialpedagogikk er ikke noe yrkesfelt. Det knyttes primært til det teoretiske grunnlaget for barnevernspedagogenes yrkesutøvelse. Forståelsen av sosialt arbeid er derimot noe mer parallell. Det er både en betegnelse på et fag og et praksisfelt i begge land. Vi reiser spørsmål om det likevel er nyanser i måten sosionomer (N) og socialrådgivere (DK) forstår praksisfeltet på

Osmoregulation of the Australian freshwater crocodile, Crocodylus johnstoni, in fresh and saline waters

An unusual saltwater population of the "freshwater" crocodilian, Crocodylus johnstoni, was studied in the estuary of the Limmen Bight River in Australia's Northern Territory and compared with populations in permanently freshwater habitats. Crocodiles in the river were found across a large salinity gradient, from fresh water to a salinity of 24 mg.ml-1, more than twice the body fluid concentration. Plasma osmolarity, concentrations of plasma Na+, Cl-, and K+, and exchangeable Na+ pools were all remarkably constant across the salinity spectrum and were not substantially higher or more variable than those in crocodiles from permanently freshwater habitats. Body fluid volumes did not vary; condition factor and hydration status of crocodiles were not correlated with salinity and were not different from those of crocodiles from permanently fresh water. C. johnstoni clearly has considerable powers of osmoregulation in waters of low to medium salinity. Whether this osmoregulatory competence, extends to continuously hyperosmotic environments is not known, but distributional data suggest that C. johnstoni in hyperosmotic conditions may require periodic access to hypoosmotic water. The study demonstrates a physiological capacity for colonisation of at least some estuarine waters by this normally stenohaline freshwater crocodilian

Survival and Growth of Hatchling Crocodylus porosus in Saltwater Without Access to Fresh Drinking Water

It has been suggested that C. porosus select nest sites which provide a source of freshwater for hatchlings during the dry season. From a mark-recapture study, we conclude that hatchling C. porosus can survive and grow in hyperosmotic saltwater without drinking fresh water. Hence, the siting of nests is unlikely to be the consequence of a requirement by hatchlings for fresh water. Considered along with other information, our observations imply that hatchling C. porosus have functional salt glands

Program: A room for running in a world in flux

For all the attention paid to notions of flux in philosophy and architecture in recent years – of the movement and oscillation between seemingly hermetic states, the perpetual becoming of the world – it is surprising how little effort has been devoted to the architectural element most concerned with the dispersal of bodies between static spaces, namely the corridor. The thesis is theoretically oriented – aiming to think and discuss architectural ideas. The first part is an essay, which explores the corridor as a narrative element: a concept which oscillates between real and fictional (non-)spaces, even connecting them (as corridors tend to do). The second part of the thesis researches the corridor through works, testing and twisting the architectural typology. There are many stories about the corridor, that by no means falsify each other as much as they reveal the subtleties by which the truths and meanings of concepts are constructed and negotiated about in the social world. Etymologically, the corridor denotes “to run” (from the latin curere), a word initially used to describe a person carrying political messages across vast territorial distances. Later, political communication was progressively veiled by architecture, such as in the elevated Vassari Corridor connecting the Palazzo Vecchio to the Palazzo Pitti in Florence. From 1565 and onwards, the room served as a secret passageway for the Medici family. The political dynasty did not wish to disclose to their surroundings when, why, or by whom its communication channels were roamed. When the corridor-word appeared in plan drawings in the following century as the metonymic “room for the runner,” replacing the runner-person with the architectural element, they were new manifestations of Giorgio Vasari’s political invention. In the 1600s, the corridor’s capacity for covert communication made it essential in aiding the Counter-Reformation alliances between the Jesuits and Roman administration. Separating circulation from the official courtyard entrance, the corridor spread to monastic construction, particularly in Austria and Germany, such as in the vast Augustinian complex of St. Florian (1686–1751)2. Importantly, the functional political passageway concurrently entered the symbolic realm. By implying to outsiders that the corridor’s proprietor needed a political pipeline into their residences, the corridor itself became a potent sign of influence. The optical illusion of Francesco Borromini’s transformation of Palazzo Spada in 1632, plays out the fantasy of a purely symbolic corridor in emblematic fashion: while the visual appearance the arcaded passageway suggests thirty-seven meters long corridor, it is in fact only eight. Nowadays corridors are most often “narrow hallways” – spatial entities with walls on either side that distributes traffic to connecting rooms, or “a passageway (as in a hotel or office building) into which compartments or rooms open.”4 Yet, this general definition enables the corridor to be proficiently used as analogy, applicable for a wide range of phenomena. In the Norwegian national news media in 2022, the corridor was used as analogy in association with the Russian war in Ukraine, the COVID-19 pandemic, global warming, and the electricity crisis, to name a few examples. These so-called corridors varied in dimension from some interior square meters of a building (“We are standing in the end of a corridor in an office building in Kongsvinger [...]”) to contiguous spatial sequences crossing geographical borders (“For many years, polar bears have commuted between the ice edge and Svalbard. In the past, there was a corridor of ice between the two destinations all year round, this is no longer the case.”). There are instances where it is more ambiguous whether the corridor-word refers to a physical place or an abstract phenomenon: “On Wednesday, the Russians tried to storm the facility, although claiming to be opening a humanitarian corridor from it.” Or: “20,000 civilians finally got out through a humanitarian corridor.” Or even: “Such a corridor will give Russia control over the entire Sea of Azov.” The corridor-word insinuates both spatial and temporal events, and is even used in poetic subversion, when Willy Pedersen writes of Maria Stepanova’s new book that “the hope is to find a corridor leading to new knowledge, and to new, bright rooms.” Despite the fit-for-all, explanatory potential inherent to the term’s vagueness, and its fullcircle morphology from exterior route to interior passageway and back to exterior route, there are several reports of architectural corridor-fatigue. According to Rem Koolhaas, the corridor is now “simply an exit-route” from what is regarded the architecture proper, only a “void sustained by a glimmering array of devices, from exit signs to motion sensors to fire sprinklers to illuminated, way-finding carpets.” “To be honest, these spaces are merely passages, volumes to pass through on the way to somewhere else. These are the parts of the journey most likely to be done on autopilot, the minutes and hours vanishing into routine habit. Dead time and dead space,” writes Roger Luckhurst of the space separating the territory of his London duplex from the street outside. However, fatigued circumstances in combination with ambiguity can provide first-rate growth conditions for curiosity. Thus, A room for running in a world in flux investigates whether the architectural potential of the corridor is not entirely exhausted. This thesis postulates that architecture becomes more readable as processes in the stories that it co-produces. The text is structured into three separate, but interconnecting corridor-stories. Here, the concept of story refers to a purposeful narrative frame of meaning. The corridorconcept becomes in the systematization of historical accounts, architectural plans and the abundance of fiction and non-fiction in which it is propositioned. This form of analysis does not suggest a mechanical 1:1 relationship between a story and a physical building. While stories and their propositions about space do not faithfully represent “true” events, they still have an affective purchase on reality, since stories exchange affect as “intensities that pass body to body (human, nonhuman, part-body, and otherwise).” The first story, Corridic grandeur and modern progress, revolves around the notion of the corridor as a device for modern progress. The second, Corridic alienation and modern discontent is unsurprisingly more skeptical, dealing with the corridor as a manifestation of class division and disaffection. The third and final story, Corridic non-space, discusses the corridor as neutral, insignificant-bordering-invisible – what will be called, paraphrasing Marc Augé, non-space. In the final work-based part of the thesis the parallel truths these stories contain are treated as generative, not of specific architectural instructions, but of an architectural way of thinking, judging and valuing.submittedVersio

The European Union : the climate change package : renewable energy directive 2009/28/EC

Masteroppgave (MSc) in Master of Science in Political Economy - Handelshøyskolen BI, 2012The following general problem for discussion has been chosen: Why did the EU decide on targets concerning renewable energy sources and why exactly these targets? What are the European Union and the nation-states doing to reach these targets, during the implementation process, and is it possible to say something about the level of achievement at this point? The European Union is at a threshold concerning their future energy policy. If the electricity grids are not upgraded, obsolete plant not replaced by competitive and cleaner alternatives and energy is used more efficiently throughout the whole energy chain; competitiveness, security of supply and climate objectives will be undermined. The renewable energy directive sets the targets to be reached by 2020, including a target of 20% renewable energy sources. Each Member States target is calculated starting with their exit level in 2005, adding a flat increase to all the Member States of 5.5%, and then adding an additional increase based on the country’s GDP decided upon the individual targets. Together the Member States expect to more than double their total renewable energy consumption. The share of RES in electricity consumption is predicted to increase to 34.3% in 2020, wind energy and hydropower being the largest contributors. Renewable heating and cooling should reach 22.2% in 2020, with biomass being by far the largest contributor. The share of renewables in transport is forecast to reach 11.27% of diesel and petrol consumption. Only two countries have reported the need of the cooperation mechanisms, in order to reach their goal. Half of the Member States predicts surpassing their binding targets, and the rest foresee they will reach the target. The Netherlands has a goal of 14% reached by 2020, while Sweden’s goal is 49%. The Dutch government does not predict to surpass their goal, although indications points to 15.5%, not yet confirmed. Sweden predicts to reach 50.2%. The Swedish NREAP splits its target into 62.9% RES-E, 62.2% RES-H and 13.8% RES-T. The Dutch NREAPs splits the overall target in the following way: RES-E 37%, RES-H 8.7% and RES-T 10.3%. The targets for 2010 were not met, nor were the targets binding either. The year 2020 will be the key year for measuring the Unions effort. Several actors (e.g. EREC 2011) emphasize largely how the EU could have set even more ambitious targets, and reaching them. Estimations from the industry suggest 24.4%

Growth models for assessing anthropogenic impacts on King scallop, Pecten maximus (Bivalvia), at Frøya, Norway

In marine ecosystems, the performance of coastal species is affected by anthropogenic activities such as aquaculture and plastic pollution. These impacts will increase in the future as the human population and consumption grow. It is crucial to obtain the true effects of environmental factors on ecosystems and their organisms for management and scientific purposes. Hence, precise growth models requiring easily recorded data and with biologically relevant and interpretable parameters are needed. King scallop Pecten maximus is a commercially harvested filter feeding bivalve species populating large parts of coastal Europe. Here, I used King scallop as a model species to assess the effect of these anthropogenic stressors in an outer coastal region in Trøndelag, Norway. Traditionally, growth of this species has been modelled by the Von Bertalanffy growth equation, known to model early age classes imprecisely, reducing accuracy for assessing environmental impacts. I used the least square criterion to compare this growth model to an alternative model based on the Gompertz growth equation, with equally many parameters. A total of n = 89 specimens were sampled from n = 3 locations, one of which had been exposed to aquaculture since 2014. Results demonstrates the Gompertz growth equation models the growth of this species more accurately than the Von Bertalanffy, producing less outliers, having lower residual variance and less heteroscedasticity. This demonstrates that the G is more suitable for growth analysis than the VB. Generalised linear models and mixed effect models were applied to determine if presence of aquaculture or birth year influences growth by model selection using AIC. Model results show a strong effect of birth year, while only maximum growth rate from the Gompertz function and the maximum shell height from the Von Bertalanffy show significant effects of aquaculture. Parameter estimates from the two growth models produce ambiguous results, highlighting that selecting the most correct growth function is essential to avoid erroneous conclusions. Nevertheless, based on the Gompertz results, aquaculture seems to influence growth performance, although small sample size and few sampling sites strongly advocates cautious interpretation. The apparent effect of birth year could reflect temperature increases in the water masses, large-scale and perhaps delayed effects of aquaculture, or a selection pressure due to increased harvest. Lastly, an attempt to assess effects of plastic content in scallops failed as the method for analysing plastic content proved unsuitable, i.e. hydrogen peroxide did not adequately digest the biogenic material. A series of methodological adjustments suggest using other digestive agents known from literature such as HNO3 or KOH, together with Nile Red dye for increased visibility and NaCl for density separation in this method of rapid screening of plastic content

The Use of Literature to Discuss Racism within the English Subject in the Norwegian Lower Secondary School: A Mixed-method Study.

Postponed access: the file will be accessible after 2022-05-31Denne studien tar for seg om, og i så fall hvordan, engelsklærere i ungdomskolen bruker skjønnlitteratur for å diskutere rasisme i engelskfaget. Det blir undersøkt hvordan lærerne definerer rasisme, deres refleksjoner rundt skjønnlitteratur som en tilnærming for å diskutere rasisme innen engelskfaget, samt hvordan og hvilke læringsaktiviteter lærerne bruker for å diskutere rasisme i tillegg til litteratur. Særegenheter ved litteratur blir trukket frem og diskutert i lys av Fenner (2011) (2018), men også en rekke andre med ekspertise innen feltet. For å diskutere og redegjøre for rasisme blir det benyttet teori av Arneback og Jämte (2017), Helland (2019) og Wieviorka (1995). Både Opplæringsloven (1998) og Overordnet del av lærerplanen (2017) sier at lærere skal tilrettelegge for danning. Det å diskutere og utfordre rasistiske meninger kan bli sett på som en del av en større dannelsesprosess, derfor har jeg benytter meg av Klafkis (2011) diskusjon og redegjørelse av Bildung. For å samle inn data ble det brukt miksede metoder. Det vil si at både datamateriale ble samlet inn ved hjelp av en digital spørreundersøkelse og semi-strukturerte dybdeintervju. 34 lærere deltok i spørreundersøkelsen, mens ikke alle fullførte. På grunn av den pågående pandemien ble det utfordrende å finne lærere til intervjuet, derfor ble det her gjort et bekvemmlighetsutvalg. Fire engelsklærere, som på forhånd hadde svart på spørreundersøkelsen, ble intervjuet. Intervjuet gav muligheter til å undersøke interessante funn fra spørreundersøkelsen generelt, samt få innblikk i de fire lærernes perspektiver som ikke kom frem i spørreundersøkelsen. På grunnlag av metodene som er benyttet gir ikke dataen grunnlag for generalisering. Likevel er innblikket i engelsklærernes refleksjoner rundt rasisme og litteratur svært interessante. Resultatene viser at lærere har en nokså lik forståelse av rasisme, og at alle bruker skjønnlitteratur for å diskutere fenomenet. En rekke lærere trekker frem at skjønnlitteratur gir elevene muligheten til å se perspektiver de eller ikke hadde fått, samt at litteratur kan sette følelser i sving hos elevene – noe de mener er en styrke i læringsprosesser. Når det kommer til hvilke aktiviteter lærerne brukte når de diskuterte rasisme ved hjelp av skjønnlitteratur skinner det gjennom at lærerne har refleksjoner som samstemmer med et sosiokulturelt læringsperspektiv. Det mest interessante funnet er imidlertid at et stort flertall av lærerne ikke fant det utfordrende å diskutere rasisme i klasserommet. Dette kan man se på som overraskende ettersom rasisme kan være både et sensitivt og kontroversielt tema.Engelsk mastergradsoppgaveENG350MAHF-LÆFRMAHF-EN

Plasma Homeostasis and Cloacal Urine Composition in Crocodylus porosus Caught Along a Salinity Gradient

Juveniles of the Estuarine or Saltwater Crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, maintain both osmotic pressure and plasma electrolyte homeostasis along a salinity gradient from fresh water to the sea. In fresh water (FW) the cloacal urine is a clear solution rich in ammonium and bicarbonate and containing small amounts of white precipitated solids with high concentrations of calcium and magnesium. In salt water (SW) the cloacal urine has a much higher proportion of solids, cream rather than white in colour, which are the major route for excretion of potassium in addition to calcium and magnesium. Neither liquid nor solid fractions of the cloacal urine represent a major route for excretion of sodium chloride. The solids are urates and uric acid, and their production probably constitutes an important strategy for water conservation by C. porosus in SW. These data, coupled with natural history observations and the recent identification of lingual salt glands, contribute to the conclusion that C. porosus is able to live and breed in either fresh or salt water and may be as euryhaline as any reptile

Descent with modification: critical use of historical evidence for conservation

The clear evidence of the accumulating impacts of anthropogenic actions on the Earth system is driving researchers to look to historical data as a resource for understanding the present and predicting the future. In the conservation science literature, using historical sources usually refers to data mining ‘the past’ using the scientific methods of historical ecology. This paper considers the often overlooked methodological challenges of sourcing and interpreting historical data. A schema is provided for conservation scientists, summarising the kinds of questions and metadata required to work rigorously with historical data. This will improve the accuracy of the data we use to construct trends to inform our understanding of the conservation status of particular species and ecosystems. It will also deepen our understanding of the interplays of factors influencing policy and management in particular social-ecological contexts

Equine Leukoencephalomalacia

The clinical course and post mortem findings of a case of Equine Leukoencephalomalacia are discussed. Some of the more important aspects of Leukoencephalomalacia in the equine are also reviewed