Review of the New Communities Program: Toward Effective Implementation of Neighborhood Plans

Evaluates the progress of the New Communities Program, an initiative to revitalize sixteen Chicago neighborhoods, and recommends extending the MacArthur Foundation's financial support through another five-year grant

Inference in Hidden Markov Models with Explicit State Duration Distributions

In this letter we borrow from the inference techniques developed for unbounded state-cardinality (nonparametric) variants of the HMM and use them to develop a tuning-parameter free, black-box inference procedure for Explicit-state-duration hidden Markov models (EDHMM). EDHMMs are HMMs that have latent states consisting of both discrete state-indicator and discrete state-duration random variables. In contrast to the implicit geometric state duration distribution possessed by the standard HMM, EDHMMs allow the direct parameterisation and estimation of per-state duration distributions. As most duration distributions are defined over the positive integers, truncation or other approximations are usually required to perform EDHMM inference

Non-existence of Ramanujan congruences in modular forms of level four

Ramanujan famously found congruences for the partition function like p(5n+4) = 0 modulo 5. We provide a method to find all simple congruences of this type in the coefficients of the inverse of a modular form on Gamma_{1}(4) which is non-vanishing on the upper half plane. This is applied to answer open questions about the (non)-existence of congruences in the generating functions for overpartitions, crank differences, and 2-colored F-partitions.Comment: 19 page

Bimodal coupling of ripples and slower oscillations during sleep in patients with focal epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: Differentiating pathologic and physiologic high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) is challenging. In patients with focal epilepsy, HFOs occur during the transitional periods between the up and down state of slow waves. The preferred phase angles of this form of phase-event amplitude coupling are bimodally distributed, and the ripples (80-150 Hz) that occur during the up-down transition more often occur in the seizure-onset zone (SOZ). We investigated if bimodal ripple coupling was also evident for faster sleep oscillations, and could identify the SOZ. METHODS: Using an automated ripple detector, we identified ripple events in 40-60 min intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings from 23 patients with medically refractory mesial temporal lobe or neocortical epilepsy. The detector quantified epochs of sleep oscillations and computed instantaneous phase. We utilized a ripple phasor transform, ripple-triggered averaging, and circular statistics to investigate phase event-amplitude coupling. RESULTS: We found that at some individual recording sites, ripple event amplitude was coupled with the sleep oscillatory phase and the preferred phase angles exhibited two distinct clusters (p \u3c 0.05). The distribution of the pooled mean preferred phase angle, defined by combining the means from each cluster at each individual recording site, also exhibited two distinct clusters (p \u3c 0.05). Based on the range of preferred phase angles defined by these two clusters, we partitioned each ripple event at each recording site into two groups: depth iEEG peak-trough and trough-peak. The mean ripple rates of the two groups in the SOZ and non-SOZ (NSOZ) were compared. We found that in the frontal (spindle, p = 0.009; theta, p = 0.006, slow, p = 0.004) and parietal lobe (theta, p = 0.007, delta, p = 0.002, slow, p = 0.001) the SOZ incidence rate for the ripples occurring during the trough-peak transition was significantly increased. SIGNIFICANCE: Phase-event amplitude coupling between ripples and sleep oscillations may be useful to distinguish pathologic and physiologic events in patients with frontal and parietal SOZ

Global convergence of tax judgments and principles between South African courts and foreign courts: Assessing evidence of convergence in South African case law and its desirability in a South African context

This paper seeks to assess the presence of convergence of domestic and foreign tax judgments and principles in South African courtrooms. Besides the practical fact of assessing the general view of South Africa courts to the application of foreign cases and principles, it also explores whether convergence is beneficial to South African in a variety of contexts. The case law review concludes that while South Africa courts are bound only to take foreign cases as persuasive and not as binding, they appear to assign such cases similar weight to domestic cases, refuting them primarily on the facts of the matter as they would any other domestic citation and not dismissing them purely due to their foreign nature. With the evidence clearly favouring the existence of convergence, the paper goes on to assess whether this convergence is a benefit to South Africa, first in the example of the specific case law reviewed and then in the larger context of South Africa as a country. The cases largely show benefits from the inclusion of foreign cases, with the only caution that the court must be sensitive to the context of a foreign case, particularly when dealing with principles of language or business which may be culturally-specific. In the larger context, the paper cites writers from American, European and South African sources. The conclusion from these varying arguments is that convergence is primarily a positive force to a country of South Africa’s relative size, position and economic power. The greatest risk the country faces would be to be forced in a form of convergence which is detrimental to its needs by other more powerful countries – however, historic evidence of how convergence in the European Union has led to clusters of countries with similar principles (and with free movement between these groups) suggests that it is far from likely that convergence will become such an autocratic influence

Impact of multi-targeted antiretroviral treatment on gut T cell depletion and HIV reservoir seeding during acute HIV infection.

BackgroundLimited knowledge exists on early HIV events that may inform preventive and therapeutic strategies. This study aims to characterize the earliest immunologic and virologic HIV events following infection and investigates the usage of a novel therapeutic strategy.Methods and findingsWe prospectively screened 24,430 subjects in Bangkok and identified 40 AHI individuals. Thirty Thais were enrolled (8 Fiebig I, 5 Fiebig II, 15 Fiebig III, 2 Fiebig IV) of whom 15 completed 24 weeks of megaHAART (tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz/raltegravir/maraviroc). Sigmoid biopsies were completed in 24/30 at baseline and 13/15 at week 24. At baseline, the median age was 29 years and 83% were MSM. Most were symptomatic (87%), and were infected with R5-tropic (77%) CRF01_AE (70%). Median CD4 was 406 cells/mm(3). HIV RNA was 5.5 log(10) copies/ml. Median total blood HIV DNA was higher in Fiebig III (550 copy/10(6) PBMC) vs. Fiebig I (8 copy/10(6) PBMC) (p = 0.01) while the median %CD4+CCR5+ gut T cells was lower in Fiebig III (19%) vs. Fiebig I (59%) (p = 0.0008). After 24 weeks of megaHAART, HIV RNA levels of <50 copies were achieved in 14/15 in blood and 13/13 in gut. Total blood HIV DNA at week 0 predicted reservoir size at week 24 (p<0.001). Total HIV DNA declined significantly and was undetectable in 3 of 15 in blood and 3 of 7 in gut. Frequency of CD4+CCR5+ gut T cells increased from 41% at baseline to 64% at week 24 (p>0.050); subjects with less than 40% at baseline had a significant increase in CD4+CCR5+ T cells from baseline to week 24 (14% vs. 71%, p = 0.02).ConclusionsGut T cell depletion and HIV reservoir seeding increases with progression of AHI. MegaHAART was associated with immune restoration and reduced reservoir size. Our findings could inform research on strategies to achieve HIV drug-free remission

Mechanism of the second stage of human parturition

The mechanism of the second stage of human parturition has already been the subject of numerous works, and on many aspects of the problem the treatment has been exhaustive. There are matters, however which still call for inquiry. Further evidence seems desirable relative to the form of the dilated pelvic canal; the direction of uterine pressure may be said to be unknown: given a variable direction of pressure proof is awanting of its influence, or otherwise, on the mechanism; the known effect of a uniform pressure on a curved surface needs application to the mechanism of labour: it is worth while to attempt to unravel the congeries of movements which go by the names of flexion and extension; the difficult problem bf lateral obliquities of the fetal head remains where it was forty years ago; the development of the mechanism at the vulvar outlet may be capable of modification in a manner favourable to easier birth. These and other matters are gone over in the pages that follow.A definition of what is meant by the second stage is not easy if regard is had to every possibility/ possibility. In most labours the second stage comprehends the period which elapses after the os uteri is fully dilated and the membranes are ruptured until the child is completely born. It is obvious, however, that the mechanical phenomena cf the second stage are able to be developed before the os is wide open, and after full dilation before the membranes are ruptured, at any rate until a late period of the second staged The "expulsïve period" of the Germans also is not sufficiently general at least in its clinical manifestations, for the evidence - abdominal action - may be awantingd Nor is it adequate to maintain that the passage of the individual segments of the fetus through the vaginal and vulvar canals constitutes the second stage. For the present purpose the second stage is defined as a period which begins when the fetus is compelled to exercise an uncertain quantity of pressure upon the upper part of the vaginal wall and which lasts until, the child is entirely born.The present thesis is divided into six sections and two appendices. The first section deals with the form of the pelvic canal, the second treats of the direction of uterine and abdominal pressure, in the third the mechanism of flexion is considered in the fourth lateral obliquity of the fetal head, the fifth is devoted to internal rotation; while the sixth is concerned with the mechanism of extension and the protection of the perineum. In the first appendix a number of simple experiments is described, and in the second are set forth tables of angular distances derived from the published reproductions of frozen sections. Finally a short summary is given of the results embodied in the thesis

A study of physical activity comparing people with Charcot Marie Tooth disease to normal control subjects

PURPOSE: Charcot Marie Tooth disease (CMT) describes a group of hereditary neuropathies that present with distal weakness, wasting and sensory loss. Small studies indicate that people with CMT have reduced daily activity levels. This raises concerns as physical inactivity increases the risk of a range of co- morbidities, an important consideration in the long-term management of this disease. This study aimed to compare physical activity, patterns of sedentary behavior and overall energy expenditure of people with CMT and healthy matched controls. METHODS: We compared 20 people with CMT and 20 matched controls in a comparison of physical activity measurement over seven days, using an activity monitor. Patterns of sedentary behavior were explored through a power law analysis. RESULTS: Results showed a decrease in daily steps taken in the CMT group, but somewhat paradoxically, they demonstrate shorter bouts of sedentary activity and more frequent transitions from sedentary to active behaviors. No differences were seen in energy expenditure or time spent in sedentary, moderate or vigorous activity. CONCLUSION: The discrepancy between energy expenditure and number of steps could be due to higher energy requirements for walking, but also may be due to an over-estimation of energy expenditure by the activity monitor in the presence of muscle wasting. Alternatively, this finding may indicate that people with CMT engage more in activities or movement not related to walking. Implications for Rehabilitation Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: • People with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease did not show a difference in energy expenditure over seven days compared to healthy controls, but this may be due to higher energy costs of walking, and/or an over estimation of energy expenditure by the activity monitor in a population where there is muscle wasting. This needs to be considered when interpreting activity monitor data in people with neuromuscular diseases. • Compared to healthy controls, people with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease had a lower step count over seven days, but exhibited more frequent transitions from sedentary to active behaviors • High Body Mass Index and increased time spent sedentary were related factors that have implications for general health status. • Understanding the profile of physical activity and behavior can allow targeting of rehabilitation interventions to address mobility and fitness

Rest-related consolidation protects the fine detail of new memories

Newly encoded memories are labile and consolidate over time. The importance of sleep in memory consolidation has been well known for almost a decade. However, recent research has shown that awake quiescence, too, can support consolidation: people remember more new memories if they quietly rest after encoding than if they engage in a task. It is not yet known how exactly this rest-related consolidation benefits new memories, and whether it affects the fine detail of new memories. Using a sensitive picture recognition task, we show that awake quiescence aids the fine detail of new memories. Young adults were significantly better at discriminating recently encoded target pictures from similar lure pictures when the initial encoding of target pictures had been followed immediately by 10 minutes of awake quiescence than an unrelated perceptual task. This novel finding indicates that, in addition to influencing how much we remember, our behavioural state during wakeful consolidation determines, at least in part, the level of fine detail of our new memories. Thus, our results suggest that rest-related consolidation protects the fine detail of new memories, allowing us to retain detailed memories

Non-aboriginal teachers' perspectives on teaching native studies

Since the mid-1980s, the Saskatchewan Department of Education has approved the instruction of Native Studies courses in provincial high schools. In hope of enhancing the instruction of these courses, this study focused on the perspectives of Non-Aboriginal teachers who were assigned to teach Native Studies. Through a questionnaire, personal interviews, and a focus group, nine Non-Aboriginal high-school teachers examined the following aspects of the courses: formal and informal training of instructors , goals of the courses, key content and pedagogical methodologies, major challenges, and recommendations for improving the delivery of the classes.The literary context for the research was based upon three major areas: Non-Aboriginal teachers' perspectives on teaching Aboriginal students, preparing teachers to teach Native Studies, and preparing teachers to instruct Native Studies to Aboriginal students. Due to the 'single-group' nature of Native Studies curricula, considerable literature examination was focused on multicultural education models. The research data of the study revealed that the majority of interviewees have minimal formal education experience with Aboriginal content or epistemology. In addition, most of the study participants indicated little, if any, informal cultural contact with Aboriginal peoples. Study participants generally acknowledged the limitations of their scant academic and experiential interaction with Aboriginal cultures, and recommended means of various education stakeholders improving the situation.The study also exposed a variety of teacher perspectives about the goals of the courses. While there was unanimity regarding the efficacy of the courses, most teachers believed the goals of Native Studies varied depending on the cultural composition of the class. In addition, a couple of teachers inferred that a major objective of Native Studies courses is the promotion of an anti-establishment' political message. Some teachers also indicated a quandary regarding whether the course curricula required them to "teach Aboriginal culture, or teach about Aboriginal culture."In terms of course content and teaching methodologies, there were numerous opinions on `what was important'. All the interviewees viewed history as a significant ingredient to a `good' Native Studies class, but some of the teachers expressed a reluctance to delve into such issues as Aboriginal spirituality, racism, and 'white-privilege'. There was also hesitation amongst many of the respondents to incorporate traditional Aboriginal epistemologies into course methodologies because they wanted to personalize instruction, not base it upon cultural generalizations.In addition to the aforementioned issues and corresponding challenges associated with the background training for the courses, the goals of the courses, and the content and methodology of the courses, the study participants highlighted other concerns with the teaching of Native Studies: irrelevant curricula, lack of materials, poor course funding, student absenteeism, student perception that the courses are for 'non-academics', lack of flexible timetabling for experiential learning, and lack of staff knowledge and appreciation of Aboriginal cultures. All administrative levels of the education system were identified by the interviewees as influential in helping to mitigate the difficulties associated with the instruction of Native Studies