Situação atual e avanços necessários à formulação do Conceito Estratégico Nacional

O presente documento analisa a Estratégia Nacional de Defesa do Brasil, considerando a interdependência da mesma com o espaço estratégico delimitado pela América do Sul e Atlântico Sul e com a Política Externa e Política de Defesa brasileiras. A investigação é de ordem qualitativa, priorizando a confrontação da teoria estruturante com o objeto de estudo, a fim de deduzir sugestões de aperfeiçoamento. Na delimitação dos pressupostos teóricos foram priorizados autores clássicos e uma visão interdisciplinar, construída com apoio da Sociologia, Filosofia, Ciência Política, Relações Internacionais e, obviamente, Ciências Militares. Na construção do modelo de análise houve contribuição de elementos da Teoria do Poder, tanto sob a ótica do potencial de poder, associada à visão realista da sociedade internacional, quanto sob o ângulo da génesis do poder. A evolução do pensamento nacional na área de Segurança e Defesa é exposta à luz da autonomia de pensamento tanto da Escola Geopolítica brasileira quanto do modelo de inserção internacional adotado, o Multilateralismo. A aplicação dos conceitos teóricos à realidade brasileira é particularizado através da apresentação de aspectos históricos da formação da nacionalidade e da caracterização do pensamento militar associado ao tema. Como principais conclusões emergem as relacionadas com o aumento da dimensão político e estratégica do país, com o insuficiente consenso entre as políticas das pastas da Defesa e das Relações Exteriores, com a situação peculiar de uma estratégia que também apresenta opções políticas. Apresenta-se, em tópico próprio e nas conclusões, elementos de aperfeiçoamento metodológico e de conteúdo em relação ao documento analisado. Abstract: This paper examines the Brazilian National Defense Strategy, considering the interdependence of it and the strategic border area of South America and South Atlantic and the Foreign Policy and National Defense Policy. The research is qualitative, enphasinsing theory and object confrontation, in order to produce consistent analysis and suggestions for improvement. The theoretical assumptions priorizes classic authors and multidisciplinary approach,with the support of Military Sociology, Philosophy, Political Science, International Relations and, obviously, Military Sciences. The analysis’ model are bult with contributions from the Theory of Power, including viewpoint of classical power potential advocates, usually associated with the realist view of international society, and genesis of power thinkers, like Hannah Arendt. The evolution of Brazilian Security and Defense understanding is exposed considering the autonomy of Brazilian Geopolitics School and Brazilian independent approach to international insertion, the Brazilian Multilateralism. The application of theory and the model to Brazilian reality is particularized through the presentation of historical aspects of the nationality evolution in association with military point of view about this theme. The main conclusions are related with the increase of political and strategic dimension of the country, the insufficient political consensus among Department of Defense and Foreign Affairs structure and the peculiar situation of a strategy that also presents policy options. It is presented in specific topic and in conclusions part, elements of content and methodological improvement to Brazilian Strategy

Using Big Five Personality Model to Detect Cultural Aspects in Crowds

The use of information technology in the study of human behavior is a subject of great scientific interest. Cultural and personality aspects are factors that influence how people interact with one another in a crowd. This paper presents a methodology to detect cultural characteristics of crowds in video sequences. Based on filmed sequences, pedestrians are detected, tracked and characterized. Such information is then used to find out cultural differences in those videos, based on the Big-five personality model. Regarding cultural differences of each country, results indicate that this model generates coherent information when compared to data provided in literature

Management of the violent or agitated patient

OBJETIVO: Revisar as medidas preconizadas para o manejo de pacientes agitados ou agressivos. MÉTODO: Por meio de uma busca em bancos de dados (PubMed e Web of Science) foram identificados artigos empíricos e revisões sobre intervenções farmacológicas e não farmacológicas para o manejo de agitação e/ou violência. RESULTADOS: O manejo não farmacológico de agitação/agressão engloba a organização do espaço físico e a adequação de atitudes e comportamentos dos profissionais de saúde. O objetivo principal do manejo farmacológico é a tranquilização rápida, buscando a redução dos sintomas de agitação e agressividade, sem a indução de sedação profunda ou prolongada, mantendo-se o paciente tranquilo, mas completa ou parcialmente responsivo. A polifarmácia deve ser evitada e as doses das medicações devem ser o menor possível, ajustadas de acordo com a necessidade clínica. A administração intramuscular de medicação deve ser considerada como última alternativa e as opções de uso de antipsicóticos e benzodiazepínicos são descritas e comentadas. O manejo físico, por meio de contenção mecânica, pode ser necessário nas situações de violência em que exista risco para o paciente ou equipe, e deve obedecer a critérios rigorosos. CONCLUSÃO: Os procedimentos devem ser cuidadosamente executados, evitando complicações de ordem física e emocional para pacientes e equipe.OBJECTIVE: To review current data about the management of agitated or aggressive patients. METHOD: Through a search of databases (PubMed and Web of Science), empirical articles and reviews about pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for the management of agitation and /or violence were identified. RESULTS: The non-pharmacological management of agitation/aggression encompasses the organization of space and appropriateness of behavior and attitudes of health professionals. The main goal of pharmacological management is rapid tranquilization aimed at reducing symptoms of agitation and aggression, without the induction of deep or prolonged sedation, keeping the patient calm, but completely or partially responsive. Polypharmacy should be avoided, and doses of medications should be as small as possible, adjusted according to clinical need. Intramuscular administration of medication should be considered as a last resort and the options for the use of antipsychotics and benzodiazepines are described and commented. The physical management by means of mechanical restraint may be necessary in violent situations where there is risk to the patient or staff, and must meet strict criteria. CONCLUSION: Procedures must be carefully implemented to avoid physical and emotional complications for patients and staff

Water residence time : A regulatory factor of the DOM to POM transfer efficiency

The pools of dissolved (DOM) and particulate organic matter (POM) and of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) were studied along two sampling gradients in the lagoon of New Caledonia in relation to the residence time of the water masses. The efficiency of the transfer of material from the dissolved to the particulate phase via TEP formation, indicating the physicochemical reactivity of organic matter, was investigated. DOM, POM, and TEP concentration increased along the sampling gradients, but their relative proportions varied. The contribution of the TEP pool to POM increased from 20% to 60%, from the most oligotrophic stations to the more anthropogenically affected bays. According to the low density of TEP and to the observed variations of the proportion of TEP compared with more conventional and solid particles, the aggregates formed inside the bays would be either neutrally or positively buoyant, whereas in the vicinity of the coral barrier, they would be negatively buoyant. As a result, the downward export of organic matter inside the bays might be greatly reduced, thereby prolonging the residence time of organic matter in the water column. The efficiency of the DOM/TEP transformation and the TEP turnover rate dropped drastically when the residence time increased from 0 to 50 d, suggesting that the reactivity of organic matter is reduced as it ages. The very high residence time of the water mass inside the bays, constrained by the hydrodynamic circulation inside the lagoon, favors the installation of a feedback system in which organic matter is not exported and is continuously degraded, leading to the formation of refractory DOM with a low physicochemical reactivity. In contrast, organic matter produced in areas in which water mass has a low residence time (i.e., near the coral barrier) is rapidly exported because of its high physicochernical reactivity