[Review] Abdon Rwegasira (2012) Land as a human right: a history of land law and practice in Tanzania

"As in any other country in the world, the History of Land Law in Tanzania, especially, has been evolving along the axis of rights". So Advocate Rwegasira contends in this important contribution to Tanzanian land law scholarship. As a book intended primarily for university law students, the author presents an historical analysis of land law in Tanzania from the pre-colonial period to the present, with detailed discussion of land law principles and precedent. However, this book stands apart from the conventional historical or "black letter" land law textbook. Drawing upon the works of established Tanzanian land law and human rights scholars, the author conceptualises the history of land law in Tanzania as a history of struggles between the landed and landless over competing land rights. This leads him to adopt his own "human rights approach" to the study of Tanzanian land law. His approach reflects upon this history of landed struggles and considers the ways in which human rights principles have been interpreted in seminal cases involving the landless or marginalised. He further analyses key developments in Tanzanian law where human rights and accompanying duties have been enshrined to protect the land rights of vulnerable social groups

LES of an Inclined Jet into a Supersonic Turbulent Crossflow

This short article describes flow parameters, numerical method, and animations of the fluid dynamics video "LES of an Inclined Jet into a Supersonic Turbulent Crossflow" (http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/14073/3/GFM-2009.mpg [high-resolution] and http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/14073/2/GFM-2009-web.m1v [low-resolution] video). We performed large-eddy simulation with the sub-grid scale (LES-SGS) stretched-vortex model of momentum and scalar transport to study the gas-dynamics interactions of a helium inclined round jet into a supersonic ($M=3.6$) turbulent (\Reth$=13\times10^3$) air flow over a flat surface. The video shows the temporal development of Mach-number and magnitude of density-gradient in the mid-span plane, and isosurface of helium mass-fraction and \lam_2 (vortical structures). The identified vortical structures are sheets, tilted tubes, and discontinuous rings. The vortical structures are shown to be well correlated in space and time with helium mass-fraction isosurface ($Y_{\rm He}=0.25$).Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure, 1 table, article describing fluid dynamics video submitted to Gallery of Fluid Motion, APS-DFD 200

The Drought Monitor

There is a need for improved drought monitoring and assessment methods in the United States. Drought is the most costly natural disaster [Federal Emergency Management Agancy (FEMA 1995; Wilhite 2000)], but it is often neglected by developers of assessment and forecast products. Drought is more nebulous than other disasters and does not lend itself to traditional assessments or forecast methods. Its relatively slow onset and the complexity of its impacts are reasons for the new assessment methodology. Improvements in drought monitoring and forecasting techniques will allow for better preparation, lead to better management practices, and reduce the vulnerability of society to drought and its subsequent impacts. The Drought Monitor (additional information available online at http://drought.unl/edu/dm) was created with the goal of tracking and displaying the magnitude and spatial extent of drought and its impacts across the United States. The Drought Monitor is produced weekly and classifies drought severity into four major categories, with a fifth category threshold assigned to locations on a map are determined from a number of indicators, or tools, blended with subjective interpretation

What is the clinical workup for failure to thrive?

The clinical evaluation of failure to thrive (FTT) includes a thorough history and physical examination; observation of parent-child interactions; observation and documentation of the child's feeding patterns; and a home visit by an appropriately trained health care professional (Strength of Recommendation [SOR]: C). Further diagnostic testing should be performed as indicated by positive findings from the history and physical exam or if the child's weight has not improved at follow-up (SOR: C)

Numerical simulation of transom-stern waves

The flow field generated by a transom-stern hullform is a complex, broad-banded, three-dimensional phenomenon marked by a large breaking wave. This unsteady multiphase turbulent flow feature is difficult to study experimentally and simulate numerically. The results of a set of numerical simulations, which use the Numerical Flow Analysis (NFA) code, of the flow around the Model 5673 transom stern at speeds covering both wet- and dry-transom operating conditions are shown in the accompanying fluid dynamics video. The numerical predictions for wet-transom and dry-transom conditions are presented to demonstrate the current state of the art in the simulation of ship generated breaking waves. The interested reader is referred to Drazen et al. (2010) for a detailed and comprehensive comparison with experiments conducted at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division (NSWCCD).Comment: Fluid Dynamics Video for 2010 APS Division of Fluid Dynamics Gallery of Fluid Motion include

The Sensor Management for Applied Research Technologies (SMART) Project

NASA seeks on-demand data processing and analysis of Earth science observations to facilitate timely decision-making that can lead to the realization of the practical benefits of satellite instruments, airborne and surface remote sensing systems. However, a significant challenge exists in accessing and integrating data from multiple sensors or platforms to address Earth science problems because of the large data volumes, varying sensor scan characteristics, unique orbital coverage, and the steep "learning curve" associated with each sensor, data type, and associated products. The development of sensor web capabilities to autonomously process these data streams (whether real-time or archived) provides an opportunity to overcome these obstacles and facilitate the integration and synthesis of Earth science data and weather model output

Police authorities, accountability, and citizenship

Policing has recently attracted a great deal of controversy set against the recent wave of student disturbances and the use of paramilitary tactics to disperse, contain, and kettle protestors. Moreover, the controversial application of stop and search powers under the Terrorism Act 2000 has raised further questions about the accountability of the police. The responsibility of holding the police to account currently falls to the 43 police authorities operating across England and Wales. This article draws on ground-breaking research on police authorities using questionnaire and in-depth interview data to outline just how it is that police authority members approach their duties and responsibilities. It outlines the role and potential of police authorities to influence police policy and operations and discusses how the work of police authorities has impacted on participation by local citizens. Our starting position is that citizen participation is a prerequisite for the effective delivery of accountable policing. This has serious consequences for the proposed Police and Crime Commissioners, which are intended to replace police authorities in November 2012