Association Between Three-year Longitudinal Changes in Physical Strength in Children with Their Build, Health Habits, and Psychophysical Health Indexes.

In this study we examined the association between longitudinal changes in schoolchildren＇s physical strength with their build, health habits, and psychophysical health index scores. Students (n= 195) were followed for three years, from the fifth to the eighth grade. Setting as a baseline the students＇ results on the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology＇s new physical strength test, we extracted data on those students whose physical strength relatively improved (improved group: 28 boys, 53 girls) and on those whose strength relatively declined (declined group: 15 boys, 16 girls). Build, health habits, and psychophysical health index scores were compared between the two groups. It was found that, although there were no significant differences in eating habits or sleeping habits between the two groups, compared to the improved group, the declined group was more likely to be either obese or underweight, have short durations of intense exercise and total exercise, and longer duration of watching television or videos. The declined group also showed poorer psychological health status, such as lower self-efficacy and higher anxiety. 　These findings indicate that children with good exercise habits, such as consistently engaging in a adequate physical activities that include intense exercise, will have improved physical strength outcome over time, whereas those children with few regular exercise habits and whose strength will not improve over time, will show outcomes such as polarization of body weight (obesity and underweight tendencies) and poorer psychological health status

Effect of anticomplement agent K-76 COOH in hamster-to-rat and guinea pig- to-rat xenotransplantation

In normal rats, the xenobiotic K76 inhibited the C5 and probably the C2 and C3 steps of complement and effectively depressed classical complement pathway activity, alternative complement pathway activity, and the C3 complement component during and well beyond the drug's 3-hr half-life. It was tested alone and with intramuscular tacrolimus (TAC) and/or intragastric cyclophosphamide (CP) in rat recipients of heterotopic hearts from guinea pig (discordant) and hamster (concordant) donors. Single prevascularization doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg increased the median survival time of guinea pig hearts from 0.17 hr in untreated controls to 1.7 hr and 10.2 hr, respectively; with repeated injections of the 200-mg dose every 9-12 hr, graft survival time was increased to 18.1 hr. Pretreatment of guinea pig heart recipients for 10 days with TAC and CP, with or without perioperative splenectomy or infusion of donor bone marrow, further increased median graft survival time to 24 hr. Among the guinea pig recipients, the majority of treated animals died with a beating heart from respiratory failure that was ascribed to anaphylatoxins. Hamster heart survival also was increased with monotherapy using 200 mg/kg b.i.d.i.v. K76 (limited by protocol to 6 days), but only from 3 to 4 days. Survival was prolonged to 7 days with the addition to K76 of intragastric CP at 5 mg/kg per day begun 1 day before operation (to a limit of 9 days); it was prolonged to 4.5 days with the addition of intramuscular TAC at 2 mg/kg per day beginning on the day of transplantation and continued indefinitely. In contrast to the limited efficacy of the single drugs, or any two drugs in combination, the three drugs together (K76, CP, and TAC) in the same dose schedules increased median graft survival time to 61 days. Antihamster antibodies rapidly increased during the first 5 days after transplantation, and plateaued at an abnormal level in animals with long graft survival times without immediate humoral rejection. However, rejection could not be reliably prevented, and was present even in most of the xenografts recovered from most of the animals dying (usually from infection) with a beating heart. Thus, although effective complement inhibition with K76 was achieved in both guinea pig- and hamster-to-rat heart transplant models, the results suggest that effective interruption of the complement cascade will have a limited role, if any, in the induction of xenograft acceptance

A novel interplay between the Fanconi anemia core complex and ATR-ATRIP kinase during DNA cross-link repair.

When DNA replication is stalled at sites of DNA damage, a cascade of responses is activated in the cell to halt cell cycle progression and promote DNA repair. A pathway initiated by the kinase Ataxia teleangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR) and its partner ATR interacting protein (ATRIP) plays an important role in this response. The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway is also activated following genomic stress, and defects in this pathway cause a cancer-prone hematologic disorder in humans. Little is known about how these two pathways are coordinated. We report here that following cellular exposure to DNA cross-linking damage, the FA core complex enhances binding and localization of ATRIP within damaged chromatin. In cells lacking the core complex, ATR-mediated phosphorylation of two functional response targets, ATRIP and FANCI, is defective. We also provide evidence that the canonical ATR activation pathway involving RAD17 and TOPBP1 is largely dispensable for the FA pathway activation. Indeed DT40 mutant cells lacking both RAD17 and FANCD2 were synergistically more sensitive to cisplatin compared with either single mutant. Collectively, these data reveal new aspects of the interplay between regulation of ATR-ATRIP kinase and activation of the FA pathway

Effects of the breakfast habit and intake on body temperature, blood glucose and subjective symptoms in university students.

本研究では朝食摂取習慣に着目し,朝食摂取習慣を持つ者と持たない者がそれぞれ朝食を摂取した場合または摂取しなかった場合に,生体にどのような反応の違いがみられるのかを,男子大学生24名を対象に,体温,血糖値と自覚的症状の調査･測定を通して検討した｡その結果,①朝食を摂食しないと昼食までの午前中の時間帯に体温と血糖値が上昇しないこと,②朝食を摂取することで自覚症状の訴え率が低くなること,③朝食摂取習慣がない者は朝食 前の体温が低く朝食を食べないと低体温が午前中続くこと,④朝食摂取習慣がない者は朝食を摂取した場合でも午前中のエネルギー供給を脂質代謝に依存する傾向が強いこと,が示された｡以上のことから,朝食を摂取することに加え,朝食を摂取するような生活習慣を確立することの重要性が示唆された

Characteristics of Physical Fitness and Motor Ability in Obese and Lean Child classified by Combining Somatotype, and Body Composition in Adolescence

The purpose of this study was to clarify physical fitness(PF) characteristics of obese and lean adolescent classified by combining somatotype, and body composition. Somatotype were measured by obesity index from weight and height measurement. Body composition given as percentage body fat was calculated by measuring skinfold thickness. The measurement of PF consisted of 12 tests. In addition, comparison were made in each somatotype group between the high percentage body fat group and the normal group. PF were lower in overweight or underweight group than in normalweight group. At overweight and normalweight groups, the high percentage body fat group attained scored lower in most PF test items. However, at underweight group, normal percentage body fat group attained scored lower in 6-7 items

A Survey on High School Students’ Meta-cognition in Science

This study examines the actual level of the high school students’ meta-cognition in science learning. First, we created items to measure meta-cognition in high school students in science. Further, through a confirmatory factor analysis, which was performed targeting high school students (N=918), three factors, including meta-cognition knowledge, monitoring, and control, were confirmed as components of meta-cognition. In addition, using these items to measure the meta-cognition of high school students(N=399) in three courses with different science curricula, it was revealed that there were differences among the courses with regard to each of these three components of meta-cognition.本研究は，平成27～31年度科学研究費補助金（基盤研究C：研究代表者：草場実）（課題番号15K04448，研究課題「メタ認知能力を基盤とした科学的思考力育成のための理科学習指導法の開発」）により行った。本稿は，日本理科教育学会第66 回全国大会論文集（足達・岡村・鈴木・青野・長尾・池・草場，2016）及び日本理科教育学会九州支部大会発表論文集（足達・岡村・鈴木・池・草場，2016）の発表内容に基づき，研究を発展させ，加筆・修正を加えたものである

Identity of subject content composition in physical education

　本稿の目的は，体育科の教科内容構成の固有性とは何か，という問いに対する回答を提示し，体育科の教科内容構成における基本的な教材研究及び教材開発の方法論を示していくことである。そのために，まず体育科の内容・指導の４つの特殊性を概観した上で，各特殊性について検討し，教科内容構成の他教科に対する固有性を構造的に捉えた。　議論の結果，体育科における教科内容構成は，以下の固有性を有していることが明らかになった。①運動内容と学習内容を別に認識する必要がある，②からだとこころの一体化と解放を中核的な認識原理として持っている必要がある，③子どもの心身の発達が，学習方法・指導方法だけでなく，運動内容・学習内容も決定づける，④教科内容構成に際して，スポーツ科学諸領域の知見が必要になる

The School Instructive Studies about ‘Slow Jogging’ Running in Elementary School Children.

　本研究では小学生を対象に，意図的にゆっくり走る「スロージョギング」を体育授業に導 入する可能性について教育実践的に検討した。研究①では，小学1年から6年生140人を対 象に，1回の授業（走行時間は学年に応じて8分～12分，走るスピードは時速4km）を実 践し，授業前には形態，体力，運動が好きか嫌いかの調査を，授業前後には持久走に対する イメージ調査（楽か，楽しいか，気持ちいいかをそれぞれ4点満点で評価）を行った。研究 ②では，小学5年生27人を対象に，3時間（1時目は時速6キロのスピードで5分間を2回， 2時目は時速6キロのスピードで続けて15分間，3時目は自分に合っていると思うゆった りしたペースで続けて15分間走る）の単元を組んで授業を行い，単元前後で研究①と同様 の持久走に対するイメージ調査と20mシャトルランを行った。その結果，単元（授業）前 に比べ後で，持久走に対するイメージが肯定的に変化したことに加え，運動嫌い，低体力や 肥満傾向の児童においてこの傾向が顕著であった。また，単元前に比べ後でシャトルラン回 数が有意に増え，単元前のシャトルラン回数が少なく有酸素的体力が低い児童ほど単元後に 回数が増えていた

School grade and sex differences in domain-specific sedentary behaviors among Japanese elementary school children: a cross-sectional study

Background: It is vital to reduce the proportion of sedentary behavior in children. Understanding the duration and behavioral context is needed. The present study examined school-grade and sex differences in domain-specificsedentary times and concurrence with screen-time guidelines among Japanese elementary school children.Methods: A total of 625 children (330 boys) were surveyed in 2010 and 2014. Using a questionnaire, data regarding participants’ grade (first through third grades: lower grades; fourth through six grades: higher grades), sex, weight, and height were collected in addition to the time spent per day engaging in each specific sedentary behavior separately:(1) reading or listening to music, (2) TV or video viewing, (3) TV game use, (4) internet use excluding class, (5) homework, and (6) car travel. Two-way analysis of covariance and logistic regression analyses, adjusted for BMI and moderate to vigorous physical activity, were used to examine school-grade and sex differences in sedentary behaviors and the independent risk of exceeding recommended total daily screen time (< 2 h).Results:On 625 children, mean minutes (SD) of sedentary behavior per week in (1) – (6) were 90.3 (123.4), 535.0 (356.6),167.3 (222.1), 23.9 (70.9), 264.9 (185.3), and 33.4 (61.2) in weekdays and 42.1 (70.0), 323.9 (232.0), 123.0 (96.4),15.8 (49.9), 74.4 (96.4), and 71.3 (84.9) in weekends, respectively. There were differences in the minutes of sedentary behavior between participants of 2010 and 2014; e.g., TV game use and homework in weekdays and weekdays and car travel in weekends. Boys spent more time in TV game use, and girls spent more time reading, listening to music, doing homework, and car travel. Higher-grade students spent more time reading or listening to music, using a computer, and doing homework. Higher-grade students were 2.09 times (95% CI: 1.32 − 3.30) in whole week, 2.08 times (95% CI: 1.45 − 3.00) in weekday, and 1.88 times (95% CI: 1.29 − 2.74) in weekend more likely to spend ≥2 h per day in domains (2) − (4) (screen-time) than lower-grade students.Conclusions: Time spent engaging in each domain-specific sedentary behavior differed according to sex and school grade. Higher-grade students were less likely to meet screen-time guidelines. These findings highlight the need fordomain-focused strategies to decrease sedentary behavior in Japanese school-age children