Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

Genome Analysis of Planctomycetes Inhabiting Blades of the Red Alga

Porphyra is a macrophytic red alga of the Bangiales that is important ecologically and economically. We describe the genomes of three bacteria in the phylum Planctomycetes (designated P1, P2 and P3) that were isolated from blades of Porphyra umbilicalis (P.um.1). These three Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) belong to distinct genera; P2 belongs to the genus Rhodopirellula, while P1 and P3 represent undescribed genera within the Planctomycetes. Comparative analyses of the P1, P2 and P3 genomes show large expansions of distinct gene families, which can be widespread throughout the Planctomycetes (e.g., protein kinases, sensors/response regulators) and may relate to specific habitat (e.g., sulfatase gene expansions in marine Planctomycetes) or phylogenetic position. Notably, there are major differences among the Planctomycetes in the numbers and sub-functional diversity of enzymes (e.g., sulfatases, glycoside hydrolases, polysaccharide lyases) that allow these bacteria to access a range of sulfated polysaccharides in macroalgal cell walls. These differences suggest that the microbes have varied capacities for feeding on fixed carbon in the cell walls of P.um.1 and other macrophytic algae, although the activities among the various bacteria might be functionally complementary in situ. Additionally, phylogenetic analyses indicate augmentation of gene functions through expansions arising from gene duplications and horizontal gene transfers; examples include genes involved in cell wall degradation (e.g., κ-carrageenase, alginate lyase, fucosidase) and stress responses (e.g., efflux pump, amino acid transporter). Finally P1 and P2 contain various genes encoding selenoproteins, many of which are enzymes that ameliorate the impact of environmental stresses that occur in the intertidal habitat

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Epigenetics and developmental programming of welfare and production traits in farm animals

The concept that postnatal health and development can be influenced by events that occur in utero originated from epidemiological studies in humans supported by numerous mechanistic (including epigenetic) studies in a variety of model species. Referred to as the ‘developmental origins of health and disease’ or ‘DOHaD’ hypothesis, the primary focus of large-animal studies until quite recently had been biomedical. Attention has since turned towards traits of commercial importance in farm animals. Herein we review the evidence that prenatal risk factors, including suboptimal parental nutrition, gestational stress, exposure to environmental chemicals and advanced breeding technologies, can determine traits such as postnatal growth, feed efficiency, milk yield, carcass composition, animal welfare and reproductive potential. We consider the role of epigenetic and cytoplasmic mechanisms of inheritance, and discuss implications for livestock production and future research endeavours. We conclude that although the concept is proven for several traits, issues relating to effect size, and hence commercial importance, remain. Studies have also invariably been conducted under controlled experimental conditions, frequently assessing single risk factors, thereby limiting their translational value for livestock production. We propose concerted international research efforts that consider multiple, concurrent stressors to better represent effects of contemporary animal production systems

HEMOCIONE: UM PROJETO PARA CRIAR UMA GERAÇÃO DE DOADORES DE SANGUE

No Brasil, a doação de sangue depende de voluntários, sendo a maioria proveniente de um pequeno grupo de doadores recorrentes. Isso gera a necessidade constante de desenvolver continuamente estratégias para recrutar novos doadores para manter os estoques nos bancos de sangue. Os jovens representam um grupo potencial para esse recrutamento, não apenas pela sua boa saúde e potencial longevidade como doadores, mas também porque pelo estímulo da doação de promover hábitos saudáveis e consciência social sobre a importância da doação, pois muitos hábitos de saúde são desenvolvidos e consolidados durante a adolescência, e continuam a influenciar a saúde ao longo da vida. Com o envelhecimento da população, os doadores jovens que mantêm estilos de vida saudáveis e doam regularmente ao longo do tempo, se tornam essenciais para garantir um suprimento constante e de qualidade de sangue. O Hemocione, é uma organização sem fins lucrativos (ONG) que foi criada por estudantes no município do Rio de Janeiro em 2017, que realiza campanhas de coleta de sangue em escolas, universidades e empresas em todo Brasil, com o objetivo de estimular o hábito de doação entre os jovens através da promoção de eventos personalizados para os doadores, adaptando-se às suas necessidades e características específicas através de campanhas informativas direcionadas, para melhorar a experiência da doação de sangue, visando recrutar e fidelizar jovens como novos doadores voluntários, para que além das bolsas coletadas naquele evento, os participantes criem o hábito de doar sangue, para manter os estoques dos bancos de sangue abastecidos. Ao longo desses 7 anos de Hemocione, foram 8288 bolsas coletas, o que impactou na vida de cerca de 33152 pessoas. Em 2022, no ano em que a Hemocione se tornou oficialmente uma Organização Não Governamental, a quantidade de bolsas coletadas através dos seus esforços já correspondeu a 0,85% do total (159.225) de bolsas doadas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro 13. Considerando que em 2023 a Hemocione cresceu sua coleta em 209% em relação a 2022, expandindo-se para outros Estados, vê-se uma tendência clara de que a influência relativa da ONG aumente progressivamente no cenário brasileiro. Além disso, nesse anos foram desenvolvidos projetos com foco nesse público, como a “Copa Hemocione”, que é um trote solidário, no qual é realizada uma disputa do bem entre as instituições onde acontecem os eventos de doação de sangue; o “Tablet Hemocione”, um sofware gerenciador da fila de doação, que permite que o doador possa transitar enquanto espera a sua vez de doar, melhorando a experiência da doação; e o aplicativo que será lançado em 2024 “Plataforma de Eventos Hemocione”, onde as pessoas poderão se cadastrar, e serem notificadas sobre os eventos de coleta de sangue próximos a sua residência, além de jogos educacionais sobre a doação de sangue. A ONG também desenvolve pesquisas na área científica, como identificação de barreiras e motivadores na doação de sangue, métodos para reduzir os casos de síndrome vasovagal nos doadores, buscando implementar estratégias para aumentar e fidelizar o número de doadores. Apesar da impacto do Hemocione na campanha e conscientização da doação de sangue, o projeto ainda tem pouco tempo de implementação das atividades e há muitos pontos para evoluir ainda, além de tentar impactar áreas mais afastados dos grandes centros urbanos nos estados