Making Plant-Support Structures From Waste Plant Fiber

Environmentally benign, biodegradable structures for supporting growing plants can be made in a process based on recycling of such waste plant fiber materials as wheat straw or of such derivative materials as paper and cardboard. Examples of structures that can be made in this way include plant plugs, pots, planter-lining mats, plant fences, and root and shoot barriers. No chemical binders are used in the process. First, the plant material is chopped into smaller particles. The particles are leached with water or steam to remove material that can inhibit plant growth, yielding a fibrous slurry. If the desired structures are plugs or sheets, then the slurry is formed into the desired shapes in a pulp molding subprocess. If the desired structures are root and shoot barriers, pots, or fences, then the slurry is compression-molded to the desired shapes in a heated press. The processed materials in these structures have properties similar to those of commercial pressboard, but unlike pressboard, these materials contain no additives. These structures have been found to withstand one growth cycle, even when we

1,4-D-Glucan block copolymers: synthesis and comprehensive structural characterization

Multi-block glucans comprising permethylated and partially methylated blocks are compounds of interest. In order to monitor their formation by transglycosylation of corresponding starting glucans, a method has been developed and applied to model compounds. This method allows determining the average length of the blocks and the progress of incorporation of methyl blocks in partially methylated sequences with a random distribution. The method, comprising liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and electrospray ionization collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-CID-MSn) measurements of two types of peralkylated glucans representing derivatives of the target compounds, is comprehensively described and discussed. ESI-MSn allows looking into the sequences of oligomeric domains. In addition, transglycosylation is followed by attenuated total reflection FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. Graphical abstract

Schlussbericht gem. Nr. 8.2 NKBF 98

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Debenzylation of Benzyl-Protected Methylcellulose

Methyl cellulose and its derivatives are widely used in the food industry, cosmetics, and as construction materials. The properties of methyl celluloses (MC) strongly depend on their degrees and positions of substitution. In order to generate MCs with uncommon blocky substitution, we apply fully protected O -benzyl- O -methyl celluloses (BnMC). Such complex polysaccharide derivatives could not be deprotected completely and without shift of the composition by methods usually applied to mono- and oligosaccharides. Therefore, a facile debenzylation method was developed based on photo-initiated free-radical bromination in the presence of hydrobromic acid scavengers followed by alkaline treatment. The reaction proceeds under homogeneous conditions and without the aid of any catalyst. There is no need for expensive equipment, materials, anhydrous reagents, or running the reaction under anhydrous conditions. Reaction parameters were investigated and optimized for successful debenzylation of completely protected BnMC with degrees of methyl substitution (DS Me ) around 1.9 (and DS Bn around 1.1). Side-product-free and almost complete debenzylation was achieved when 1,2-epoxybutane (0.5 eq./eq. N -bromosuccinimide) and 2,6-di- tert -butylpyridine (0.5 eq./eq. N -bromosuccinimide) were used in the reaction. Furthermore, ATR-IR and 1 H NMR spectroscopy confirmed the successful removal of benzyl ether groups. The method was developed to monitor the transglycosylation reaction of the BnMC with permethylated cellulose, for which the deprotection of many small samples in parallel is required. This comprises the determination of the methyl pattern in the glucosyl units by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), as well as oligosaccharide analysis by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) after perdeuteromethylation and partial hydrolysis to determine the methyl pattern in the chains. The unavoidable partial chain degradation during debenzylation does not interfere with this analytical application, but, most importantly, the DS and the methyl pattern were almost congruent for the debenzylated product and the original MC, indicating the full success of this approach The presented method provides an unprecedented opportunity for high throughput and parallel debenzylation of complicated glucans, such as BnMC (as a model compound), for analytical purposes. For comparison, debenzylation using Na/NH 3 was applied to BnMC and resulted in a completely debenzylated product with a remarkably high recovery yield of 99 mol% and is, thus, the method of choice for synthetic applications, e.g., for the transglycosylation product prepared under the selected conditions in a preparative scale

Процесс оценки уровня освоения профессиональных компетенций бакалавров на примере специальности «Землеустройство и кадастры»

В процессе исследования проводился анализ процесса формирования профессиональных компетенций бакалавров, разработка тестовых заданий для измерения профессиональных компетенций бакалавров, измерение профессиональных компетенций бакалавров. В результате исследования выявлены проблемы в процессе оценке уровня сформированности профессиональных компетенций бакалавров.In the course of the research, the analysis of the process of formation of professional competencies of bachelors was carried out, the development of test tasks to measure the professional competencies of bachelors, the measurement of professional competences of bachelors. As a result of the study, problems were identified in the process of assessing the level of formation of professional competencies of bachelors

Europäisches Daten- und Diensteökosystem für KI-basierte Anwendungen

Mit Gaia-X wird ein sicheres, föderiertes Datenökosystem entwickelt, dass Dateninhabern digitale Souveränität ermöglicht. Vertrauen in die Interoperabilität zu schaffen, steht dabei im Vordergrund. Unter der Leitung des Deutschen Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) hat ein Konsortium aus Fraunhofer-Instituten, Hochschulen und Industriepartnern im Projekt Gaia-X 4 KI Kernkomponenten für automobile Anwendungen künstlicher Intelligenz erforscht und praxisnahe Beispiele umsetzen können