Ζητήματα από την εφαρμογή της ρήτρας off-hire στα ναυλοσύμφωνα.

Η παρούσα Διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται το δικαίωμα που παρέχεται στο ναυλωτή να αναστέλλει τη διαρκή υποχρέωσή του προς καταβολή του ναύλου, για τους λόγους και υπό τις προϋποθέσεις που αναφέρονται ρήτώς στα (χρονο-) ναυλοσύμφωνα, δια μέσω της ρήτρας off-hire. Στόχος της ανά χείρας μελέτης είναι η ανάδειξη ορισμένων εκ των σημαντικότερων αναφυόμενων νομικών και πραγματικών ζητημάτων εκ της εφαρμογής της εν λόγω ρήτρας και όχι η εξαντλητική ανάλυση του περιεχομένου της. Ταυτόχρονα δε, παρά το γεγονός ότι προέρχεται από το αγγλικό δίκαιο των συμβάσεων, τα διάφορα επιμέρους ζητήματα εξετάζονται όχι μόνο κατά το αγγλικό αλλά και κατά το ελληνικό δίκαιο. Έτσι, στη μεν πρώτη ενότητα θα ασχοληθούμε α) με το ερώτημα κάτω υπό ποιές περιστάσεις θεωρείται ότι αποτρέπεται η πλήρης διάθεση του πλοίου στο ναυλωτή και αν τυχόν η διαφορετική χρησιμοποιούμενη ορολογία στα διάφορα επιμέρους τυποποιημένα χρονοναυλοσύμφωνα θα επηρέαζε την απάντησή μας, β) με το ζήτημα του ποιά περιστατικά ή αιτίες δύνανται να ενεργοποιήσουν τη ρήτρα off-hire και γ) με το ερώτημα βάσει ποιού κριτηρίου θεωρείται ότι έχει χαθεί χρόνος από τη συνολική διάρκεια της ναύλωσης. Τέλος, στη δεύτερη ενότητα, θα διερευνήσουμε το εάν και με ποιόν τρόπο επηρεάζονται τα άλλα δικαιώματα που, ενδεχομένως, θα μπορούσε να ασκήσει ο ναυλωτής. Ιδιάιτερη μνεία γίνεται για τα δικαιώματα της υπαναχώρησης, της αποζημίωσης και της καταγγελίας. Κλείνοντας δε, θα εξετάσουμε και το κατά πόσο ο ναυλωτής συνεχίζει να είναι υπόχρεος πρός πληρωμή της αξίας των καυσίμων αλλά και άλλων υποχρεωτικών δαπανών που τον βαρύνουν, στην περίπτωση που το πλοίο, εν τέλει τεθεί "εκτός ναύλου" [off-hire].This Master's Thesis deals with the right given to the charterer to suspend ongoing obligation to pay hire for the reasons and under the conditions set out explicitly in time charters, by using the off-hire clause. The objective of this study is to highlight some of the major nancent legal and factual issues in the implementation of this clause and not an exhaustive analysis of its content. Moreover, despite the fact that this clause stems from the English contract law, the various individual issues are discussed not only under English law, but also under Greek law. Thus, in the first section we will deal with a) the question below under what circumstances considered to prevent the complete disposal of the ship to the charterer, and should the different terminology used in the various standard time charters will affect our response, b) the question of what causes or events may trigger the off-hire clause and c) the question under what criterion is considered to have lost time from the total dutration of the the charterparty. Finally, in the second section, we will explore whether and how other charter's rights could be affected. Particular mention is made of the withdrawal rights, compensation and termination of the charterparty

The two-dimensional disordered Mott metal-insulator transition

We studied several aspects of the Mott metal-insulator transition in the disordered case. The model on which we based our analysis is the disordered Hubbard model, which is the simplest model capable of capturing the Mott metal-insulator transition. We investigated this model through the Statistical Dynamical Mean-Field Theory (statDMFT). This theory is a natural extension of the Dynamical Mean-Field Theory (DMFT), which has been used with relative success in the last several years with the purpose of describing the Mott transition in the clean case. As is the case for the latter theory, the statDMFT incorporates the electronic correlation effects only in their local manifestations. Disorder, on the other hand, is treated in such a way as to incorporate Anderson localization effects. With this technique, we analyzed the disordered two-dimensional Mott transition, using Quantum Monte Carlo to solve the associated single-impurity problems. We found spinodal lines at which the metal and insulator cease to be meta-stable. We also studied spatial fluctuations of local quantities, such as the self-energy and the local Green's function, and showed the appearance of metallic regions within the insulator and vice-versa. We carried out an analysis of finite-size effects and showed that, in agreement with the theorems of Imry and Ma, the first-order transition is smeared in the thermodynamic limit. We analyzed transport properties by means of a mapping to a random classical resistor network and calculated both the average current and its distribution across the metal-insulator transition

Differences in receipt of multimodality therapy by race,insurance status, and socioeconomic disadvantage in patientswith resected pancreatic cancer

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.Background and Methods:Racial and socioeconomic disparities in receipt ofadjuvant chemotherapy affect patients with pancreatic cancer. However, differencesin receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy among patients undergoing resection arenot well�understood. A retrospective cross�sectional cohort of patients withresected AJCC Stage I/II pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was identified fromthe National Cancer Database (2014–2017). Outcomes included receipt ofneoadjuvant versus adjuvant chemotherapy, or receipt of either, defined asmultimodality therapy and were assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis.Results:Of 19 588 patients, 5098 (26%) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 9624(49.1%) received adjuvant chemotherapy only, and 4757 (24.3%) received nochemotherapy. On multivariable analysis, Black patients had lower odds ofneoadjuvant chemotherapy compared to White patients (OR: 0.80, 95% CI:0.67–0.97) but no differences in receipt of multimodality therapy (OR: 0.89, 95%CI: 0.77–1.03). Patients with Medicaid or no insurance, low educational attainment,or low median income had significantly lower odds of receiving neoadjuvantchemotherapy or multimodality therapy.Conclusions:Racial and socioeconomic disparities persist in receipt of neoadjuvantand multimodality therapy in patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma.Discussion:Policy and interventional implementations are needed to bridge thecontinued socioeconomic and racial disparity gap in pancreatic cancer care.ECU/Wiley Open Access Publishing Agreemen

Osteoarticular Infection in Three Young Thoroughbred Horses Caused by a Novel Gram Negative Cocco-Bacillus

© 2020 Bernard J. Hudson et al. We describe three cases of osteoarticular infection (OAI) in young thoroughbred horses in which the causative organism was identified by MALDI-TOF as Kingella species. The pattern of OAI resembled that reported with Kingella infection in humans. Analysis by 16S rRNA PCR enabled construction of a phylogenetic tree that placed the isolates closer to Simonsiella and Alysiella species, rather than Kingella species. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) comparison between the new isolate and Kingella kingae and Alysiella crassa however revealed low probability that the new isolate belonged to either of these species. This preliminary analysis suggests the organism isolated is a previously unrecognised species

L,L-Diaminopimelate Aminotransferase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: A Target for Algaecide Development

In some bacterial species and photosynthetic cohorts, including algae, the enzyme l,l-diaminopimelate aminotransferase (DapL) (E.C. 2.6.1.83) is involved in the anabolism of the essential amino acid L-lysine. DapL catalyzes the conversion of tetrahydrodipicolinate (THDPA) to l,l-diaminopimelate (l,l-DAP), in one step bypassing the DapD, DapC and DapE enzymatic reactions present in the acyl DAP pathways. Here we present an in vivo and in vitro characterization of the DapL ortholog from the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr-DapL). The in vivo analysis illustrated that the enzyme is able to functionally complement the E. coli dap auxotrophs and was essential for plant development in Arabidopsis. In vitro, the enzyme was able to inter-convert THDPA and l,l-DAP, showing strong substrate specificity. Cr-DapL was dimeric in both solution and when crystallized. The structure of Cr-DapL was solved in its apo form, showing an overall architecture of a α/β protein with each monomer in the dimer adopting a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase-like fold in a V-shaped conformation. The active site comprises residues from both monomers in the dimer and shows some rearrangement when compared to the apo-DapL structure from Arabidopsis. Since animals do not possess the enzymatic machinery necessary for the de novo synthesis of the amino acid l-lysine, enzymes involved in this pathway are attractive targets for the development of antibiotics, herbicides and algaecides

C2-O-sLeX Glycoproteins Are E-Selectin Ligands that Regulate Invasion of Human Colon and Hepatic Carcinoma Cells

Similar to mechanisms of recruitment of activated leukocytes to inflamed tissues, selectins mediate adhesion and extravasation of circulating cancer cells. Our objective was to determine whether sialyl Lewis X modified core 2 O-glycans (C2-O-sLeX) present on colon and hepatic carcinoma cells promote their adhesion and invasion. We examined membrane expression of C2-O-sLeX, selectin binding, invasion of human colon and hepatic carcinoma cell lines, and mRNA levels of alpha-2,3 fucosyltransferase (FucT-III) and core 2 beta-1,6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT1) genes, necessary for C2-O-sLeX synthesis, by quantitative reverse-transcriptase (RT) PCR. Synthesis of core 2 branched O-glycans decorated by sLeX is dependent on C2GnT1 function and thus we determined enzyme activity of C2GnT1. The cell lines that expressed C2GnT1 and FucT-III mRNA by quantitative RT-PCR were highly positive for C2-O-sLeX by flow cytometry, and colon carcinoma cells possessed highly active C2GnT1 enzyme. Cells bound avidly to E-selection but not to P- and L-selectin. Gene knock-down of C2GnT1 in colon and hepatic carcinoma cells using short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) resulted in a 40–90% decrease in C2-O-sLeX and a 30–50% decrease in E-selectin binding compared to control cells. Invasion of hepatic and colon carcinoma cells containing C2GnT1 shRNA was significantly reduced compared to control cells in Matrigel assays and C2GnT1 activity was down-regulated in the latter cells. The sLeX epitope was predominantly distributed on core 2 O-glycans on colon and hepatic carcinoma cells. Our findings indicate that C2GnT1 gene expression and the resulting C2-O-sLeX carbohydrates produced mediate the adhesive and invasive behaviors of human carcinomas which may influence their metastatic potential

The high affinity selectin glycan ligand C2-O-sLex and mRNA transcripts of the core 2 β-1,6-N-acetylglusaminyltransferase (C2GnT1) gene are highly expressed in human colorectal adenocarcinomas

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The metastasis of cancer cells and leukocyte extravasation into inflamed tissues share common features. Specialized carbohydrates modified with sialyl Lewis x (sLe^x) antigens on leukocyte membranes are ligands for selectin adhesion molecules on activated vascular endothelial cells at inflammatory sites. The activity of the enzyme core 2 β1,6 <it>N</it>-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT1) in leukocytes greatly increases their ability to bind to endothelial selectins. C2GnT1 is essential for the synthesis of core 2-branched O-linked carbohydrates terminated with sLe^x(C2-O-sLe^x). Our goal was to determine the expression profiles of C2-O-sLe^xin the malignant progression and metastasis of colorectal adenocarcinomas. The well characterized CHO-131 monoclonal antibody (mAb) specifically recognizes C2-O-sLe^xpresent in human leukocytes and carcinoma cells. Using CHO-131 mAb, we investigated whether C2-O-sLe^xwas present in 113 human primary colorectal adenocarcinomas, 10 colorectal adenomas, 46 metastatic liver tumors, 28 normal colorectal tissues, and 5 normal liver tissues by immunohistochemistry. We also examined mRNA levels of the enzyme core 2 β1,6-<it>N</it>-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT1) in 20 well, 15 moderately, and 2 poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas, and in 5 normal colorectal tissues by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We observed high reactivity with CHO-131 mAb in approximately 70% of colorectal carcinomas and 87% of metastatic liver tumors but a lack of reactivity in colorectal adenomas and normal colonic and liver tissues. Positive reactivity with CHO-131 mAb was very prominent in neoplastic colorectal glands of well to moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas. The most intense staining with CHO-131 mAb was observed at the advancing edge of tumors with the deepest invasive components.</p> <p>Finally, we analyzed C2GnT1 mRNA levels in 37 colorectal adenocarcinomas and 5 normal colorectal tissues by RT-PCR. Significantly, we observed a greater than 15-fold increase in C2GnT1 mRNA levels in colorectal adenocarcinomas compared to normal colorectal tissues.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>C2-O-sLe^x, detected by the CHO-131 mAb, is a tumor associated antigen whose expression is highly upregulated in colorectal adenocarcinomas and metastatic liver tumors compared to normal tissues. C2-O-sLe^xis a potentially useful early predictor of metastasis.</p

Virtual Multimodal Object Detection and Classification with Deep CNNs

In this thesis, first we present two powerful image enhancement methods, both originating from the domain of unlighting illumination normalization. Then, provided a gray-scale image database (physical image modality), we postulate that the images generated by any of the two image enhancement methods can be perceived as virtual imaging modalities. To verify this, we investigate the capability of the virtual imaging modalities to complement information accessible from the physical image modality, when used in tandem as inputs to supervised learning (machine learning) tasks. We begin with a simple score fusion scheme, based on the OpenBR face recognition suite, that evaluates similarity (match-scores) between subject faces in different images. Combining the face matching estimations of systems trained independently on physical and virtual image modalities, we obtain significant improvement in the overall face matching accuracy. Motivated by this, we design and implement a novel Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture, based on the Faster R-CNN network for multi-class object detection and classification. Our architecture combines deep feature representations of the input images, generated by networks trained independently on physical and virtual imaging modalities. Furthermore, for the needs of evaluating sufficiently the overall performance of all multi-class object detectors used in our experiments, we introduce the Average Recall over Precision curve, an alternative more descriptive metric than the commonly used, single value, Mean Average Precision (MeanAP) metric. Average Recall metric allows us to compare in detail the expected accuracy of multi-class detection systems over-all the target object classes. Using the Average Recall metric, we demonstrate how our Multimodal Faster R-CNN based on artificial modalities architecture achieves higher accuracy in popular, challenging tasks of multi-class object detection and classification, relatively to its physical-modality-only peer model.Mathematics, Department o