A meta-population model to explain an endemic Rift Valley fever transmission in Northern Senegal. [P260]

Purpose: Certain Palaearctic biting midges have been implicated as vectors of bluetongue virus in northern Europe. Separation of two species (Culicoides obsoletus and C. scoticus) is considered difficult morphologically, with females often grouped together in entomological studies. Species specific identification is desirable to assess their roles in disease transmission or measure abundance during arboviral outbreaks. Our aim is to investigate whether morphometric identification techniques can be applied to female C. obsoletus and C. scoticus individuals trapped in different geographical regions and time periods during the year. Methods: Using light-suction traps, female C. obsoletus and C. scoticus were sampled from two locations in the UK, France and Spain. A total of 759 individuals were identified with a molecular assay using the cytochrome oxidase I gene. Fifteen morphometric measurements were then taken from the head, wings and abdomen of slide-mounted specimens. Multivariate analyses investigated whether a combination of these could lead to accurate species identification. Results: Principal component analyses revealed that the length and width of the smaller and larger spermathecae, and the length of, and width between, the chitinous plates can differentiate the species. These are all abdominal characteristics. Seasonal and geographic variation was observed for head and wing measurements, but not for those from the abdomen. Conclusions: Our results suggest that female C. obsoletus and C. scoticus individuals can be separated under a stereomicroscope using abdominal measurements. Although we show that morphometrics can be used to differentiate the species, this can be time-consuming and we recommend undertaking this using standardized subsampling of large catches. Relevance: This work highlights a new morphometric method of discriminating two of the main vector species of bluetongue virus. Such separations generally rely on molecular techniques, which can be expensive. Morphometric identifications may prove useful in outbreak situations when they can be quickly undertaken on a subsample of individuals to determine the proportions of each species present. (Texte intégral

Inflammatory breast cancer: features and outcomes in a breast unit in Dakar, Senegal

Background: The aim of this study was to determine clinical features and outcomes of patients with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) treated in our breast unit.Methods: This study was performed at Gynaecologic and Obstetric Clinic of Dakar Teaching Hospital, in which a breast unit was created since 2007. All women with diagnosis of inflammatory breast cancer in our Breast Unit between January 2010 and December 2013 were included in this study. The diagnosis of IBC was made clinically using the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and confirmed histologically. The follow-up cut-off for this data set was December 31st, 2014. All analyses for this study were performed using SPSS software (version 20.0).Results: Between 2010 and 2013, 22 women with breast cancer who met eligibility criteria were included out of 161 patients followed for breast cancer leading to a frequency of 13.6%. The median age at diagnosis was 43.4 years (26-79 years). Mean time to diagnosis was 4 months. The mean time to recurrence was 11.2 months. This recurrence was observed in 45.5% of cases. The median overall survival was 13.3 months (CI 95% 8.576-18.526), the survival rate was 31.8%.Conclusions: This series shows a high frequency of inflammatory breast cancer. These tumours are very aggressive with a very poor prognosis

Dyslipidemia, obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors in the adult population in Senegal

Introduction: According to the WHO, 50% of deaths worldwide (40.1% in developing countries) are due to chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Of these chronic NCDs, cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death and disability in developed countries. The Framingham study has shown the importance of hypercholesterolemia as a primary risk factor. In Senegal, the epidemiology of  dyslipidemia and obesity are still poorly understood due to the lack of comprehensive studies on their  impact on the general population. This motivated this study to look into the key epidemiologic and socio-demographic determinants of these risk factors. Methods: It was a cross-sectional descriptive epidemiological survey which included 1037 individuals selected by cluster sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire following the WHO STEPwise approach. Socio-demographic, health and biomedical variables were collected. P value Results: The average age was 48 years with a female predominance (M: F of 0.6). The literacy rate was 65.2% and 44.7% of participants were from rural areas. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, hyperLDLemia, hypoHDLemia, hypertriglyceridemia and mixed hyperlipidemia were 56%, 22.5%, 12.4%, 7.11% and 1.9% respectively. One in four was obese (BMI> 30kg/m2) and 34.8% had abdominal obesity. The main factors significantly associated with dyslipidemia were obesity, urban dwelling, physical inactivity and a family history of dyslipidemia. Conclusion: The prevalence of dyslipidemia, obesity and other risk factors in the population was high needing immediate care for those affected and implementation of prevention strategies.Key words: Dyslipidemia, obesity, cardiovascular, risk factors, Saint Loui

Agroecology initiative Business Incubator program, Jamm Bugum Bakery. Product valuation premises: Production of millet-based bread. Final technical report

The report covers the activities of GIE Jamm Agro Business, a bakery located in Niakhar, Senegal. Supported by the One CGIAR agroecological initiative, it valorizes local cereals such as millet, corn and moringa leaf powder, producing breads and pastries incorporating these ingredients. With funding of USD 20,000, the bakery has increased its production capacity from 1,500 to 2,375 baguettes per day, with a target of 3,000 baguettes. It also produces cookies, cakes and children's food, diversifying its offering. The impact includes a 158% rise in annual sales (to USD 161,540), job creation (from 12 to 13 employees, with a strong inclusion of young people and women) and increased income for distributors. Products enriched with local cereals still represent a small share of production (2%), but their development is a priority. The bakery aims to strengthen sustainability and food self-sufficiency, while contributing to local development and the agro-ecological transition. It is now stepping up technical assistance to promote a sustainable and innovative model for adding value to local value chains

A hospital based case control study of female breast cancer risk factors in a Sub-Saharan African country

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women worldwide with over 1.3 million new cases per year. There is a wide variation in the geographical burden of the disease with the highest incidences seen in the developed regions of the world and the lowest incidences observed in the least developed regions. The objective of this study was to understand further the risks for breast cancer in Senegalese population which can then inform public health strategies to try and reduce the burden of breast cancer.Methods: This matched case control study was conducted in 2015 in Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital in Dakar. All women with pathologically confirmed primary breast cancer were considered as cases. For each case, 2 age-matched women were recruited. We collected and compared demographic factors, family history of breast cancer, socioeconomic variables, reproductive variables (age at menarche, age at first pregnancy and first live birth, parity, menopausal status, duration of breastfeeding), and exogenous hormone use up to 6 months. Odds ratios from univariate logistic regression were used to estimate the relative risk of breast cancer associated with the various factors, and their predictive effects.Results: In all, 212 women with breast cancer who were diagnosed as having breast cancer and 424 control women were involved in the study. The mean±SD age of cases and controls was 43.37±11.94 years (range 18-83 years) and 42.04±11.08 years (range 18-84 years), respectively. There were no significant differences between cases and controls with regards to marital status, parity, age at menarche, past oral contraceptive use, age at first last full-term pregnancy and history of breastfeeding. Breast cancer risk was significantly greater in women with a family history of the disease (OR 2.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35-3.31). A significant increase in breast cancer was observed among illiterate women compared to educated women (OR 1.27, CI 1.02-1.58), in premenopausal women and those without occupation.Conclusions: In this study, reproductive factors as early menarche or menopausal status were not associative to the risk of breast cancer and the early age at diagnosis and the positive history of breast cancer suggest a genetic pattern of this disease in Senegalese woman. But this fact is difficult to confirm for financial reasons

Dynamics for the agroecological transition (DyTAEL) in Fatick, Senegal. Analysis of the level of agro-ecological transition, profitability, levers and obstacles for players in the school canteen goat milk value chain

In Senegal, food insecurity is a major challenge to children's education, especially in regions like Fatick. To address this, school canteens have been introduced in over 11% of elementary schools, providing children with two meals a day made from local products like millet and milk. This initiative not only supports children's education but also promotes local agriculture and shortens supply chains, contributing to a circular economy. The CGIAR Agroecology Initiative (IAE) is supporting this transition by promoting sustainable business models that align with agroecology principles in Fatick with Fatick DYTAEL. The study aims to assess the level of agro-ecological practices among stakeholders in the milk value chain that supplies school canteens and to evaluate the challenges and opportunities within these local value chains. This includes a cost/benefit analysis and a SWOT analysis for each stakeholder. The goal is to provide evidence to help design business models that support the use of local, sustainable products in school canteens, enhancing food security and sustainability

Agroecology initiative Business Incubator program, Jamm Bugum Bakery : Promoting local products, production of millet-based bread technical, report on the progress of the action plan Modou

Jamm Bugum works towards the territorialization of local value chains, particularly that of millet, by developing an integrated value chain. The association promotes the valorization of local products through the production of compound bread that substitutes wheat with 30% of locally produced millet. In addition, Jamm Bugum supports the agroecological transition of local millet production and offers commercial outlets, thus placing its action in a broader vision of valorizing local value chains. As leader of the ALL, Jamm Bugum wants to make its integrated value chain model a showcase for the promotion of agroecology in the department of Fatick. As part of its support for local initiatives, the One CGIAR Agroecology initiative, through its third component –WP3- dedicated to the development of value chains within the framework of the business incubation program, supported the action plan of this dynamic to the tune of USD 20,000. This support aims to increase the production and marketing capacity of the bakery, in order to strengthen its socio-economic impact, particularly in terms of income generated and jobs created