Formes urbaines naturelles. Le lac Mariout, scénario de dégradation ou perspectives de développement durable du territoire

Alexandria’s urban expansion has been greatly determined by the presence of two natural features: the Mediterranean and Lake Mariout. Leisure and tourism are focused on Alexandria’s Mediterranean waterfront, whereas industry and sewage plants are centered around Lake Mariout. Despite plans and strategies to preserve the Lake, yet, urban sprawl, industrial pollution, and untreated wastewater are having a severe negative impact on the Lake’s ecosystem. Moreover, the size of the Lake has drastically diminished over the past decades due to land infill and the pressure of urbanization from an overpopulated metropolis. According to the former situation, the paper debates very crucial questions: what is the future of the Lake?, and how to balance between preserving the ecosystem of the Lake, while making the necessary urban development?L’espansione urbana di Alessandria è stata largamente determinata dalla presenza di caratteristiche naturali; il Mediterraneo e il Lago Mariout. Le attività turistiche e di svago sono concentrate sul lungomare mediterraneo di Alessandria, mentre l’industria e gli scarichi sono distribuiti intorno al Lago Mariout. In contrasto con piani e strategie finalizzate alla conservazione del lago, tuttavia, la diffusione insediativa, l’inquinamento industriale e le acque di scarico non trattate stanno determinando un grave impatto negativo sull’ecosistema del lago. Inoltre, la dimensione del lago è drasticamente diminuita nei decenni passati dovuta all’occupazione del suolo e alla pressione dell’urbanizzazione di una metropoli sovrappopolata. Secondo la prima condizioni, il saggio esamina alcune questioni cruciali: qual è il futuro del lago? E come trovare un equilibrio tra la conservazione dell’ecosistema del lago e il necessario sviluppo urbano?Alexandrias Stadttausdehnung ist groesstenteils festgelegt worden durch zwei Naturelemente: das Mittelmeer und den Mariout See. Erholung und Tourismus konzentriert sich an Alexandrias Mittelmeerkueste, waehrend Industrie und Abwassergraeben um den Mariout See gelegen sind. Trotz vieler Plaene und Strategien, den See zu erhalten, haben Stadtaussdehnung, industrielle Verschmutzung und Abwasser einem sehr negatives Einfluss auf das Oekosystem des Sees. Auserdem hat sich der See waehrend der letzen Jahrzente wegen der Landanschemmungen aus dieser ueberbevoelkerten Grossstadt dramatisch verkleinert. Das Essay debattiert die sehr schwierige Frage: welches ist die Zukunft des Sees?Und wie kann man ein Gleichgewicht finden zwischen der Erhaltung des Oekosystems und der notwendingen Stadtendwicklung?La expansión urbana de Alexandria ha sido mayoritariamente determinada por la presencia de dos características naturales: el Mediterraneo y el Lago Mariout. Actividades de ocio y turismo se concentran en las orillas del Mediterraneo, mientras que las industrias y las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales están alrededor del lago. A pesar de proyectos y estrategias para la preservación del lago, la expansión urbana descontrolada, la contaminación industrial y las aguas residuales no tratadas están afectando muy negativamente el ecosistema del lago. Además, las dimensiones del lago se han reducido drasticamente a lo largo de las ultimas décadas debido a la edificación de relleno y a las presiones de una metrópolis superpoblada. A la luz de esta situación, el artículo debate cuestiones cruciales: cuál es el futuro del Lago? Como se puede encontrar un equilibrio entre la preservación del ecosistema y el imprescindible desarrollo urbano?Le développement urbain d’Alexandrie a été considérablement influencé par la présence de deux éléments naturels: la mer Méditerranée et le lac Mariout. Les loisirs et le tourisme se situent sur le front de mer méditerranéen d’Alexandrie, alors que les implantations d’évacuation des eaux usées et les industries se concentrent autour du lac Mariout. Pourtant, malgré les plans et les stratégies pour le préserver, l’extension urbaine, la pollution industrielle et le manque de traitement des eaux usées sont en train d’avoir un grave impact négatif sur l’écosystème du lac. De plus, ses dimensions ont radicalement changé au cours des dix dernières années, à cause du remplissage de son bassin et de la pression urbaine exercée par une métropole surpeuplée. Sur la base de telles données, le journal ouvre un débat sur des questions cruciales: comment s’annonce l’avenir pour le lac? Et comment equilibrer la sauvegarde de son écosystème avec un développement urbain devenu nécessaire

Redefining Rentals: A Comprehensive AI Mobile Solution Promoting Sustainable Consumption of Unused Items

People usually rent items for many reasons: to save money, to solve storage issues, or to use an item for a short term based on their needs. The rental industry is undergoing a significant transformation with the rise of online rental platforms and the increasing consumer preference for renting over traditional ownership. This paper proposes a smart mobile application that maximizes individual financial returns, optimizing storage space, and making effective use of seldom-used items. The application will have a smart search engine with a speech recognition feature, allowing for easier and faster searching, and a distance map to view rentable items close to users. Also, the application will enable users to either rent out their unused items or view items and rent them. By exploring innovative technologies, addressing key challenges, and analyzing the economic implications, this article provides a detailed insight into how developers are reshaping the landscape of rental services

Prevalence and Data Availability of Early Childhood Caries in 93 United Nations Countries, 2007-2017

Objectives. To assess the relationship between health care system and economic factors and early childhood caries (ECC) data availability and prevalence. Methods. We estimated ECC data for 193 United Nations countries from studies published between 2007 and 2017. We obtained other variables from the World Health Organization and the World Bank databases. We assessed association with ECC data availability by using logistic regression and with ECC prevalence by using linear regression. Results. We included 190 publications from 88 (45.6%) countries. The mean ECC prevalence was 23.8% and 57.3% in children younger than 36 months and children aged 36 to 71 months, respectively. The odds of ECC data availability were significantly higher for countries with more physicians and more dentists. In children younger than 36 months, ECC prevalence was associated with universal health coverage (B =-6.56). In children aged 36 to 71 months, it was associated with growth of gross national income (B = 0.27). Conclusions. Countries with more physicians and more dentists were more likely to have ECC data. Among those with data, countries with higher economic growth had higher ECC prevalence

Regional caries data availability in Saudi Arabia: Impact of socioeconomic factors and research potential

Background and aims: Monitoring oral diseases is needed to allocate resources, plan health services and train dental workforce. Caries is one of the oral diseases most commonly included in oral health surveillance systems. The present study assessed (1) caries data availability in the administrative regions of Saudi Arabia and (2) factors associated with this availability. Methods: We collected caries data in the period 2008–2018 in Saudi Arabia (outcome variable). The explanatory variables included region-level factors: (a) socio-economic indicators (percentage of individuals with university education, percentage of category A governorates, percentage of owned houses, households with computers, internet and smart phones) and, (b) oral health research potential indicators (number of Dental Public Health (DPH) specialists, Ministry of Health (MoH) dentist to population ratio and number of dental schools). ArcGIS was used for data visualization and logistic regression was used for analysis. Results: Twenty-two studies provided caries data for 46.2% of the regions which were inhabited by 84.7% of the population. Region-level data availability was associated with the number of dental schools (OR = 1.63) with 61.5% of the regions correctly classified. More regions were correctly classified when population to MoH dentist ratio (76.9%) and the number of DPH specialists (92.3%) were included. Conclusions: Caries data were available for half of the administrative regions in Saudi Arabia and data availability was associated with higher number of dental schools. The presence of DPH specialist provided the critical mass to collect caries data. Keywords: Data collection, Information dissemination, Epidemiological monitoring, Geographic information systems, Schools, dental, Saudi Arabi