Resisting Translation: The Control Policy on Translation in the Arab World with Reference to Jordan

This paper investigates the influence of the control policy on translation in the Arab World and in Jordan particularly. It sheds light on the issues of the control policy, the raison d'être behind applying it in the Arab world, the translators’ role as decision makers (superiority or inferiority towards the language), its forms, and who controls what. Furthermore, this paper is an attempt to reach a better understanding of the circumstances of the influence of covert forms that led to resisting translating. Keywords: control policy, norms, translation, colonialism, conspiracy theory, the Othe

A Review Study of Error Analysis Theory

Up until the late sixties, the prominent theory in the field of second language acquisition or learning was almost behaviouristic, which claimed that the learning was a result of acquiring a set of new language patterns. Hence, second language errors were considered as only the result of learners' mother tongue habits in the target language. Errors which were not explained based on this assumption will definitely be underestimated. Therefore, there was a need for another approach in order to clearly describe second language learners' errors. Given this, the current study aims at reviewing and discussing the Error Analysis theory in terms of theoretical foundations, theoretical assumptions, limitations and significance of this theory. This review reveals that despite the criticism that this theory has received, it still plays a fundamental role in investigating, identifying and describing second language learners' errors and their causes. Most importantly, Error Analysis can enable second language teachers to find out different sources of second language errors and take some pedagogical precautions towards them. Moreover, Error Analysis can provide a good methodology for investigating second language learners' errors. Once the causes or sources of errors are discovered, it is probable to conclude and decide on the remedy

Emotive expressions in President Bashar Al-Assad’s political speeches with an eye to translation

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the figures of speech used in Arabic political speeches as a tool of communication to gain political advantages. The analysis of the data will mainly depend on four emotive figures of speech: simile, metaphor, personification, and euphemism. Throughout the study, detailed analysis of how emotive expressions are translated from Arabic into English, maintaining the emotive content of the source texts (the written manuscript of a speech), is also examined. The Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad’s political speeches are taken as a sample, (the Syrian President will be referred to here after as Al-Assad). An explanation of possible ways of rendering the emotive expressions accurately and effectively into English follows

An Exploration of Cognitive Benefits of EFL Learning in a Monolingual Jordanian Context

Objective: This study examined the cognitive benefits of English language learning in Jordan’s predominantly monolingual context, an area that remains largely unexplored. Methodology: A methodically crafted, literature-based survey was administered to a representative sample of 365 Jordanians, selected through random sampling, utilizing a quantitative research design. Findings: The analysis underlined several pronounced cognitive benefits of English language mastery. Key enhancements spanned domains such as attentional control, memory retention, overall health, and creative thinking. Furthermore, the linguistic journey often translated into socio-cultural advantages, facilitating richer intercultural exchanges, fostering deeper friendships, and broadening global perspectives. Interestingly, urban residency and higher educational attainment emerged as influential variables, amplifying these benefits. Recommendations: This study provides essential insights for educators and policymakers to enhance these advantages in monolingual societies

The Pathogenic Role of the Human Mammary Tumor Virus (HMTV) in Human Breast Cancer

ABSTRACT A viral etiology of human breast cancer has been postulated for decades after the identification of MMTV (Murine Mammary Tumor Virus). The detection of HMTV (Human Mammary Tumor Virus) env exogenous sequences in 30-40% of invasive breast carcinoma increased the interest towards this hypothesis. To look for HMTV env exogenous sequences during cancer progression could contribute to a better understanding of their role in breast cancer. This work analyzes the presence of HMTV env exogenous sequences in the first phases of carcinogenesis, i.e. the pre-invasive, as well as in metastatic lesions. Formalin fixed and paraffin embedded samples were utilized: 20 Usual type Ductal Hyperplasia (UDH), 22 Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia (AH), 49 Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS), 20 Infiltrative Ductal Carcinoma (IDC), 26 Normal Epithelial Cells (NEC) collateral to DCIS or IDC, i.e. present in the same histological section, 22 primary breast cancers and their respective non metastatic lymph nodes, 23 primary breast cancers and their metastatic lymph nodes. As a negative control we used reductive mammoplasties, thyroid and colon carcinoma, and blood of healthy donors. All samples were laser microdissected. Fluorescent nested - PCR was used to detect the presence of HMTV env exogenous sequences. Generated fluorescent amplicons were sized on an automatic DNA sequencer. DNA extracted from tissues of 9 patients was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. Moreover, we created primary cell line of human breast cancer that was positive for HMTV env exogenous sequences, and then we treated the cells with 106 M Dexamethasone. HMTV env exogenous sequences were found in 19% of NEC collateral to DCIS or IDC, 27% of AH, 80% of DCIS, 35% of IDC, primary breast cancer cases that do not develop metastasis 50%, their respective lymphocytes 36%, primary breast cancers that develop metastasis 69.5%, and their metastatic cancer in lymph nodes 68.4%. Controls results were negative. RT-PCR and CISH confirmed these results. The expression of HMTV in primary breast cancer cell line was started to increase after 16 days of treatment with Dexamethasone. These data could contribute to understanding the meaning of the presence of HMTV in breast carcinogenesis

The Role of Digital Storytelling in Jordanian School EFL Classrooms: A Qualitative Exploration of Teachers’ Perceptions

The topic of digital storytelling in the field of EFL instruction has attracted increasing attention. However, its significance, effectiveness, and incorporation within educational settings in Jordan have not been thoroughly studied. In order to address this research gap, the present paper explores the teaching effectiveness, challenges, and practical applications of digital storytelling in Jordanian EFL classrooms, specifically through a qualitative analysis of teacher perspectives, incorporating semi-structured interviews with 26 EFL teachers recruited by purposive sampling. The thematic analysis revealed that EFL teachers in Jordan predominantly view digital storytelling as a valuable enhancement to English language teaching, notably for its ability to engage students and facilitate language learning. This positive perspective, however, is tempered by concerns over resource availability and curriculum integration challenges. The study also observed that digital storytelling positively impacts student engagement and language skills, with teachers reporting notable improvements in student involvement and language competencies. However, this impact varied among students, influenced by individual learning styles and access to technological resources. Lastly, regarding integrating digital storytelling into the curriculum, teachers identified several benefits, including the versatility of digital storytelling in achieving educational objectives and its effectiveness in facilitating interactive learning. Yet, they also faced challenges, particularly regarding inadequate technological infrastructure and difficulties aligning digital storytelling with rigid curricular structures. These findings provide crucial insights into the application of digital storytelling in EFL education in Jordan, reflecting its potential to transform teaching practices amidst practical implementation challenges. The paper concludes with limitations and future research suggestions, intending to encourage deeper scholarly and practical involvement with this novel teaching style

Andalusian Exiled Scholars and their Conditions

Scientists, jurists and thinkers had a role in Andalusia. Among them  were judges, writers, poets, historians  and philosophers. sSome of them graduated to become ambassador and one of the senior ministers. So everyone was affected by the events in Andalusia, such as disorder, succession of princes and the antagonism of Christians abroad and their unity against the Arab Muslim who suffered injustice, hatred, skepticism and exile outside Andalusia. Books and poems  were  censored to find pitfalls and they were also interpreted ,unfairly ,against the then  existing rule. For instance the writings  issued by Ibn Alabar Albalensy led to his death .The same thing happened to Lisan   Aldin I bin Khatib  in that  he was interpreted  that his  doctrine was  other than exiled. Scientists  wronged    in case of issuing a fatwa which  did not impress the ruler or his close friendship. Therefore, scientists had a large share of injustice as a result of the vaiation of those countries and the  rapid succession of events in Andalusia

Integrated multi-layer perceptron neural network and novel feature extraction for handwritten Arabic recognition

Arabic handwritten script recognition presents an energetic area of study. These types of recognitions face several obstacles, such as vast open databases, boundless diversity in individuals' penmanship, and freestyle writing. Thus, Arabic handwriting requires effective techniques to achieve better recognition results. On the other hand, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) is one of the most common Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) which deals with various problems efficiently. Therefore, this study introduces a new technique called Block Density and Location Feature (BDLF) with MLP, namely BDLF-MLP, which aims to extract novel features from letter images and estimate the letter's pixel density and its location for each equal-sized block in the image. In other words, BDLF-MLP can deal with various styles of Arabic handwritten, such as overlapping letters. The BDLF-MLP starts with the Block Feature Extraction (BFE) of the image by dividing the image into sixteen parts. After that, it calculates the density and location of each block (i.e., BDLF) by finding the sum of all values inside blocks. Finally, it determines the position of the greatest pixel density to obtain better recognition accuracy. The dataset containing 720 images is used to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed technique. Also, 1440 letters are used for training and testing divided evenly between them. The experiment results illustrate that BDLF-MLP outperformed the other algorithms in the literature with an accuracy of 97.26 %