Backhaul and performance optimality of joint processing schemes over the cluster area

In this paper, four Joint Processing (JP) schemes have been discussed and evaluated for Dynamic Point Selection (DPS) as well as Joint Transmission (JT) over a cluster of evolved Node B (eNBs) using WINNER II channel model developed for LTE-A. The purpose of this study is developing a cooperative LTE scenario in a fixed cluster of 3 eNBs in order to evaluate and compare the performance of these schemes for both centralized and partial cooperation. It would give us a good insight about choosing the optimum scheme which provides desired performance while putting reasonable amount of burden on the backhaul of the system. Moreover, the location dependency of JP is proved over the cluster area. As a final goal, in real-world networks, exploiting a dynamic joint processing scheme selection strategy would lead to the best performance taking care of backhaul limits. It has been proved through Simulations that, centralized joint processing has better performance for both joint transmission and dynamic point selection in comparison with the partial joint processing. Also, Dynamic point selection schemes follow the performance trend of joint transmission with less performance and lower backhaul load

Collagen in food and beverage industries

This paper reviews the structure, function and applications of collagens in food industry. Collagen is the most abundant protein in animal origin. It helps maintaining the structure of various tissues and organs. It is a modern foodstuff and widely used in food and beverage industries to improve the elasticity, consistency and stability of products. Furthermore, it also enhances the quality, nutritional and health value of the products. Collagen has been applied as protein dietary supplements, carriers, food additive, edible film and coatings. Therefore, this paper will review the functions and applications of collagen in the food and beverage industries. The structure and composition of collagen are also included

Artificial neural network application in coordination of directional overcurrent protective relays in electrical mesh distribution network

Directional Overcurrent relays (DOCR) applications in meshed distribution network (MDN) eliminate short circuit fault current flow due to the system topological structure. Effective and reliable coordination between primary and secondary relay pairs eliminated miscoordination in MDN system. Otherwise, the risk of safety of lives and installations may be compromised alongside with system instability. This paper proposes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach to improve the optimized DOCR response time to short circuit fault within the MDN in order to address miscoordination problem due to wrong response time among adjacent DOCRs to the same fault location. A test model series of several DOCRs in simulated IEEE 8-bus test system, designed in DigSilent Power Factory. Extracted data from three phase short circuit fault analysis, applied in numerical optimization of time setting multiplier (TSM), plug setting multiplier (PSM) and operation time of DOCRs. These data adapted in function fitting training of ANN to determine an improved optimal operation time of DOCRs in general network

A “justice” reading of the trans-national struggle of the people displaced by the Merowe Dam

This paper applies a “justice” lens to the struggle of the people displaced by the Merowe Dam in northern Sudan. Application of distributive, procedural, and representational aspects of justice exposes the dissatisfaction of the affected people with the government’s offer and execution of compensation. Consideration of social justice and the utility of norms in trans-national activism brings into sharp focus the difference in interests, and abilities of the many actors involved, and highlights the government’s tactics to divide the communities, and the social divisions sown. As the struggle develops, justice claims are seen to change towards less material issues, suggesting that an expanded and dynamic conception of justice is more helpful than narrow or time-bound conceptions. The findings are of relevance to communities facing possible displacement from dams planned nearby, not least of all for the insight provided on the effectiveness of different tactics in the struggle

A current and future study on non-isolated DC`DCconverters for photovoltaic applications.

Photovoltaic (PV) is a fast growing segment among renewable energy (RE) systems, whose development is owed to depleting fossil fuel and climate-changing environmental pollution. PV power output capacity, however, is still low and the associated costs still high, so efforts continue to develop PV converter and its controller, aiming for higher power-extracting efficiency and cost effectiveness. Different algorithms have been proposed for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). Since the choice of right converter for different application has an important influence in the optimum performance of the photovoltaic system, this paper reviews the state-of-the-art in research works on non-isolated DC–DC buck, boost, buck–boost, Cúk and SEPIC converters and their characteristics, to find a solution best suiting an application with Maximum Power Point Tracking. Review shows that there is a limitation in the system's performance according to the type of converter used. In can be concluded that the best selection of DC–DC converter which is really suitable and applicable in the PV system is the buck–boost DC–DC converter since it is capable of achieving optimal operation regardless of the load value with negotiable performance efficiency and price issue

Article Effects of Viscous Dissipation on the Slip MHD Flow and Heat Transfer past a Permeable Surface with Convective Boundary Conditions

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A review of length-weight relationships of freshwater fishes in Malaysia

This manuscript reviews the length-weight relationships (LWRs) of freshwater fishes in Malaysia. A total of 102 LWRs of fishes gathered from literature pertaining to 64 freshwater fish species were analysed. A meta-analysis from 13 previous reports showed that the b values was ranged from 2.19 (Clarias batrachus) to 4.106 (Barbodes binotatus). Out of 64 observed species, 47 species (11 families) experienced positive allometric growth, while another 23 species (eight families) and 31 species (12 families) were recorded under isometric and negative allometric growth, respectively. The fish LWRs observed can be used as an indicator of environmental changes and fish ecological health for freshwater fishes in Malaysia

IEC 61850-based WLAN peer-to-peer feeder protection improvement in smart grid substation automation system

The development of a computational platform of a communication network for an automation system using the precepts of IEC 61850 has become a great trend in substation automation systems (SASs) research. Recent developments in wireless communication technologies, especially the IEEE802.11 have enabled cost-effective remote control systems with a capability of monitoring, control and protection in the real-time operating conditions of substations. The message delay and throughput in substation automation while using the WLAN and smart grid must satisfy the standard requirements specified in the IEC 61850-5. In this paper, the end-to-end (ETE) delay of IEC 61850-based messages and operating time of the over current protection using the WLAN-based communication network has been evaluated using Opnet Modeler Edition 18.0

Second generation IEEE802.11N performance for IEC61850-based substation automation system

As the initial scope of supporting communications inside substation automation systems, IEC 61850 was defined to be mapped on Ethernet as the layer 2 communication network technology. It is because the Ethernet is the dominant technology for the Local area network – LAN and it brings significant advantages of high bandwidth and low latency especially with the use of optics fibers at the physical layer. Consequently, Ethernet is very appropriate for the substation indoor LAN with applications that require high bandwidth e.g. measurements and time-critical functions such as protection services. However, when IEC 61850 is extended to support large-scale communication networks between substations, control the centers to substations and DERs; Ethernet is no longer a good solution. The rapid emergence of DERs, the increasing amount of electric vehicles and smart meters reveal the shortcomings of Ethernet which rest in its high set-up cost and scalability problem following the use of cable for all connections. In this paper we focus on the use of the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technology to support distribution substation applications. The advantages of this solution lie in the low cost of installation, enough data rates, and hassle-free deployment. However, it is not suitable for remote control communications in the distribution grid due to the limited coverage of the Wi-Fi radio. Some examples of using WLAN Compliance with IEC 61850 models to construct the SAS network as well as the network performance simulation results are also included in this paper based on the Opnet software