Preliminaries of orthogonal layered defence using functional and assurance controls in industrial control systems

Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) are responsible for the automation of different processes and the overall control of systems that include highly sensitive potential targets such as nuclear facilities, energy-distribution, water-supply, and mass-transit systems. Given the increased complexity and rapid evolvement of their threat landscape, and the fact that these systems form part of the Critical National infrastructure (CNI), makes them an emerging domain of conflict, terrorist attacks, and a playground for cyberexploitation. Existing layered-defence approaches are increasingly criticised for their inability to adequately protect against resourceful and persistent adversaries. It is therefore essential that emerging techniques, such as orthogonality, be combined with existing security strategies to leverage defence advantages against adaptive and often asymmetrical attack vectors. The concept of orthogonality is relatively new and unexplored in an ICS environment and consists of having assurance control as well as functional control at each layer. Our work seeks to partially articulate a framework where multiple functional and assurance controls are introduced at each layer of ICS architectural design to further enhance security while maintaining critical real-time transfer of command and control traffic

The Extent of Mathematics Teacher's Awareness of Their Students' Misconceptions in Learning Geometrical Concepts in the Intermediate Education Stage

This study aims to examine and highlight the extent of mathematics teacher's awareness of their student's geometrical misconceptions and mistakes in the intermediate education stage. The sample consisted of (400) first grade students and (40) teachers. The results showed that intermediate education stage students suffered from various geometrical misconceptions such as parallelogram, trapezoid, rhombus, etc. Additionally, the study spotlighted mathematics teachers' lack of awareness of their student's mistakes due to their poor introductory techniques, inability to put suitable instructional plans to teach geometrical concepts and analyze them into their sub-components, incapability to use various instructional methods to teach such concepts, and other negative factors. The study proposed some recommendation to benefit from by all concerned parties in the teachinglearning process to overcome students' geometrical misconceptions including educational planners, curricula authors, educational supervisors, and teachers. Finally, the study suggested some hints on future research in this field

Experimental demonstration of performance enhancement in non-linearity limited optical fibre systems

This thesis presents a study of the nonlinear limits of coherent, long-haul, optical fibre transmission systems and studies the capabilities of digital and all-optical nonlinearity compensation techniques to enhance their performance. By deriving the theoretical description of optical fibre nonlinear Kerr effects, this thesis presents theoretical, numerical, and experimental evidence showing that the compensation efficiency of deterministic nonlinear impairments in OPC assisted transmission system is highly dependent on the span length. This document shows that the deployment of multiple OPCs, in a system limited by deterministic signal-signal nonlinear interactions, can negate the performance enhancement achieved by a single OPC. I have derived, and verified by simulations, closed form equations that accurately represent the ultimate nonlinear threshold of the nondeterministic nonlinear signal-noise interaction limit in discretely amplified and quasi-lossless Raman optical fibre transmission systems. This nondeterministic nonlinear threshold can be unveiled when deploying ideal nonlinearity compensation techniques and can be minimised by deploying multiple OPCs.In this thesis, I have experimentally shown that the performance enhancement achieved bymid-link OPC when deployed in discretely amplified transmission system is highly dependent on the bandwidth of the signals propagating along the system. The experimental results have shown that the OPC enhances the reach of discretely amplified transmission system by 43%,32%, and 24% for 2x28Gbaud, 4x28Gbaud, and 8x28Gbaud of PM-QPSK signals,respectively. Also, I have experimentally demonstrated the highest reported reach enhancement of 72% (compared to EDC system) for 3.6Tbps (30x30Gbaud PM-QPSK, spectral efficiency of 3.6bps/Hz); when deploying a mid-link OPC in distributed Raman system

The effectiveness of the curriculum Biography of the Prophet in the development of social intelligence skills of Al-Hussein Bin Talal University Students

This study aimed to find out how the effectiveness of the curriculum biography of the Prophet in the development of social intelligence skills of Al-Hussein Bin Talal University students and the study sample consisted of 365 students from Al-Hussein Bin Talal University for the first semester 2014_2015 students were selected in accessible manner. The researcher has designed a tool to measure the social intelligence consisted of 5 fields and 27 standard for measuring the level of  social intelligence of the students the results of the study showed the following that the curriculum biography has been achieved the goals that  related to the development of social intelligence on  average level amount  of 70%  also showed the lack of goals that relevant to methodology and mechanisms, skills and abilities which the material has been teaches where  the percentage weight was  less than 50% and the study recommended. 1. The importance of activation the teaching methods that helps in the development of creative and critical thinking. 2. Activation the role of university curricula to development the social intelligence. 3. To work seriously on the development of students' skills and abilities to have the scientific methodology and critical thinking.   Key words: Curriculum Biography of the Prophet, social intelligence skills, theory principle

Symmetry Requirements for 34dB Nonlinearity Compensation in OPC Systems

We experimentally achieve compensation of nonlinearity of at least 34 dB when deploying Optical Phase Conjugation in an optimized 2 nd order distributed Raman system, and demonstrate that the required accuracy for span-to-span power misalignment is below ±1dB for 20dB compensation

Framework for Level-I Alligator Cracking Methodology for Use in the Mechanistic-Empirical (M-E) Pavement Design Guide.

The recently published Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) includes a global flexure fatigue model that can be used for Level 3 material input. This paper develops a typical framework for highway agencies to follow to calibrate their laboratory results and determine Level 1 flexure fatigue input for use in the design guide. An extensive flexure fatigue testing program was carried out on six hot-mix asphalt (HMA) materials typically used by the Arizona Department of Transportation. General fatigue models are developed using both constant strain and constant stress modes of loading. The general fatigue lab models were then calibrated to the global fatigue model in the MEPDG to be used as an input to Level 1 design. Shift factors were developed for each mix used and for different thicknesses of asphalt layers. The shift factor decreased from 20 at a 1-in. layer to 9 at a 4-in. layer, after which it remained constant. The procedure used in this paper serves as a guide for other agencies to follow to obtain Level 1 fatigue data input for the M-E Pavement Design Guide

The Effect of Using Educational Drama on Kindergarten Children's Acquisition of Mathematical and Scientific Concepts in Jordan

The study aimed to examin the effect of using educational drama on kindergarten children's acquisition of mathematical and scientific concepts. A quasi-experimental method with experimental and control groups was usedto achieve the objectives of the study. Various instruments were used, including a teacher's guide based on educational drama strategy and a scientific/mathematical concepts test. After validating these instruments, they were applied on a random sample of 50 kindergarten children during the first semester of school year 2016/2017. The study concluded that the experimental group outperformed control group on the scientific/mathematical concepts test. The findings also revealed that there were no significant statistical differences attributed to gender of the experimental group in the acquisition of such concepts

A Proposed Model for Developing Creative Leadership Practices for Managers of Inclusive Educational Institutions in Jordan

The paper contributes to the existing literature to know the degree to which principals of inclusive educational institutions in Jordan practice creative leadership from their point of view. Building a proposed vision to develop creative leadership practices for the principals of inclusive educational institutions in Jordan, from their point of view. According to the variable of gender, educational qualification, experience, and the study used the descriptive approach. The study sample consisted of (46) male and female managers. A questionnaire consisting of (5) dimensions and (41) indicators distributed over the dimensions of the scale was used. Its validity and reliability were confirmed. The results indicated that the total score on the dimensions of the tool as a whole was low. The results also showed that there are statistically significant differences due to the gender variable in favor of males, and there are no statistically significant differences due to the effect of educational qualification and experience

Combating Fiber Nonlinearity Using Dual-Order Raman Amplification and OPC

We experimentally demonstrate, for the first time, a significant 34-dB nonlinear product power compensation in a mid-link optical phase conjugation (OPC) system using an optimized dual-order distributed Raman amplification (DRA) technique. The dual-order backward (BW)-pumping scheme shows a record signal power symmetry of 97% over 50.4-km single-mode fiber (SMF) spans. We also demonstrate that the required accuracy for span-to-span power alignment is within ±1 dB in order to maintain 20-dB nonlinear product compensation. For a 256-Gb/s dual-polarization-16 QAM transmission over 100.8 km (2×50.4 km) SMF with mid-link OPC, the proposed Raman amplification scheme enables the OPC to improve the nonlinear threshold by 7 dB and the optimum signal launch power by 5 dB compared with the system without OPC

The Attitudes of UNRWA in-Service School Teachers towards the Diploma to B.A. Upgrading Program Implemented by the University College of Educational Sciences

The study attempted to identify the attitudes of UNRWA in-service school teachers towards the Diploma to B.A. upgrading program implemented by the University College of Educational Sciences. It also tried to identify the statistically significant differences in the means attributed to the variables of gender, subject of specialization and work experience. The population of the study which comprised (309) consisted of all UNRWA male and female school teachers holding diplomas in the subjects of Elementary Lower Education, Arabic Language, Math and Science and working in the UNRWA education areas in the West Bank: Nablus, Hebron and Jerusalem. Apurposive sample of (111) male and female teachers from Jerusalem area was chosen as arepresentative of the population of the study. Aquestionnaire was used to identifythe teachers\u27 attitudes. Upon completing the questionnaires by all subjects, data was analyzed using the SPSS statistical application. The results of the study showed that the school teachers\u27 attitudes concerning the upgrading program were positive. All domains obtained (3.22) means and (64.32 %) percentage. With respect to the variables of the study, the results revealed the following: There were no statistically significant differences in teachers\u27 attitudes towards the upgrading program attributed to the variable of gender, and the variable of work experience (years in duty). Ana there were statistically significant differences in teachers\u27 attitudes towards the upgrading program attributed to the variable of subject of specialization for the benefit of Arabic Language teachers whose attitudes were the least positive in all domains of the study. In the light of the results of the study, the researchers recommended a number of recommendations; for example, school teachers should take part in selecting the appropriate time for implementing any upgrading programs