Binary Atomic Silicon Logic

It has long been anticipated that the ultimate in miniature circuitry will be crafted of single atoms. Despite many advances made in scanned probe microscopy studies of molecules and atoms on surfaces, challenges with patterning and limited thermal stability have remained. Here we make progress toward those challenges and demonstrate rudimentary circuit elements through the patterning of dangling bonds on a hydrogen terminated silicon surface. Dangling bonds sequester electrons both spatially and energetically in the bulk band gap, circumventing short circuiting by the substrate. We deploy paired dangling bonds occupied by one movable electron to form a binary electronic building block. Inspired by earlier quantum dot-based approaches, binary information is encoded in the electron position allowing demonstration of a binary wire and an OR gate

Effectiveness of iron supplementation (6- and 12- weeks) on hematological parameters among non-anemic iron deficient female students

Background and aim: According to the current protocols made by international organizations, the duration of iron supplementation depends on the severity of iron deficiency, ranging from 3 to 6 months in individuals with iron depletion and iron deficiency anemia, respectively. This study was performed to compare 6 and 12 weeks iron supplementations on iron status among a group of non-anemic iron deficient female students. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 53 female students were selected. Students were divided into two groups. Control group were consisted of 30 students who had Hemoglobin level more than 12 ml/dl and serum ferritin level more than 23 ng/dl. Experimental group were 23 non-anemic iron deficient female students with ferritin level less than 23 ng/dl. Experimental group were orally given ferrous fumarate (containing 50 mg iron elemental) daily for three months. Blood samples were collected from experimental group in the beginning, 6 and 12 weeks after the study and for the case group samples were collected in the beginning and at the end of the study and the number of blood cells (CBC), ferritin level and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were measured. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance and Paired-t tests. Results: Blood hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations increased after 6 weeks of supplementation among supplemented group, and were remained almost constant until the 12th week (P>0.001). Changes in serum iron concentrations at the end of study were not statistically different between two groups. Similar trend was observed for TIBC. Conclusion: This study showed that 3-month iron supplementation among iron deficient subjects, as advised by WHO, did not further improve iron status in non anemic iron deficient females compared to 6-weeks daily supplementation of 50 mg elemental Iron. It is obvious that these results cannot be considered to anemic subject

Cerebellar Neuroblastoma in 2.5 Years Old Child

Neuroblastoma is the third most common malignancy of childhood, after leukemia and brain tumors. Only 2% of all neuroblastoma occur in the brain. Primary cerebellar neuroblastoma is an specific subset of Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (PNET). Meduloblastoma is a relatively common and well-established entity, consisting of primitive and multipotential cells that may exhibit some evidence of neuroblastic or gliad differentiation. But cerebellar neuroblastoma with ultrastractural evidence of significant neuroblastic differentiation is extremely rare. We report a rare case of neuroblastoma in the cerebellum. A 2.5-year-old Iranian boy presented with vomiting and nausea in the morning and ataxia. CT scan showed a tumor mass in the cerebellum and the report of radiologist was medulloblastoma. Light microscopic assay showed a small cell neoplasm with lobules of densely packed cells (lobulated pattern) and better differentiated cells. Neuron-Specific Enolase was positive. Pathologic diagnosis confirmed the existence of cerebellar neuroblastoma. Chemotherapy followed surgical removal. No relapse occurred 12 months after surgery

PM10 monitoring using MODIS AOT and GIS, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Remote sensing has been increasingly used in retrieval Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) to particulate matter pollution monitoring. In this study, Moderate resolution image Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data were utilized in particulate matter pollution monitoring. Daily aerosol optical thickness (AOT) data retrieved from MODIS using Non-Linear Correlation Coefficient (NLCC) with polynomial equation Were compared with the amount of particulate matter PMIO measured at Three ground Air Quality Monitoring Stations (AQMS)-Victoria Kl, Cheras Kl and Gombak- in Kuala lumpur and surrounding area. The PMIO data were imported in geographical information system (GIS) environment to derive the PMIO maps in Kuala Lumpur stations. Results showed that the amounts of PMIO in dry season are higher than those in rainy season in stations. The NLCC between MODIS AOT and PMIO concentration was obtained higher in Victoria Kl compared to Gombak and Cheras Kl. GIS maps were found to show better distribution of PMIO compared to the ground station data. This study reveals AOT data from MODIS and GIS map can be utilized to study the air quality, especially distribution of PMIO in the places where there are ground measurements