Assessment of Prevalence and Factors Associated with Obesity among Secondary School Students at Makkah in Saudi Arabia

Background: The prevalence of overweight/obesity in children in Saudi Arabia is among the highest in the world. The prevalence of dental caries is also high in Saudi children. Studies on the relationship between caries and obesity in Saudi adolescents are lacking. the World Health Organization (WHO) defines obesity as “abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health,” while overweight is defined as “a body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m2 or more.”1 Overweight and obesity can negatively affect the physiological and psychological well-being of the affected individual, and both have become a global the prevalence of overweight/obesity in high school adolescents. The Overweight and impaired metabolic health might strongly, and independently of other comorbidities, partner with expanded danger diseases. The study aimed: To assessment of prevalence and factors associated with obesity among   secondary school students at Makkah in Saudi Arabia 2021. Method: An online cross-sectional survey was utilized Secondary school students at in Makkah Al-Mukarramah in Saudi Arabia 2021 during the April to June, 2021, a total of 200 student aged 12–18 years, available students of secondary school children were included in the study. A structured online self-reported questionnaire sheet was used to assessment of prevalence and factors associated with obesity among   secondary school students at Makkah in Saudi Arabia 2021 Result: show the total number of participants was 200 regarding the age most participants were classified into 3 age groups, most of them were (45.0%) in the more than 16 years regarding gender of participated female were (63.0%). Regarding Income level in study the most of participant\u27s Below 5000 SR were (31.0%).  Regarding Educational level in study the most of participant\u27s Intermediate school were (22.0%) regarding Sources of information           about obesity most of participant\u27s educational films were (32.0%) Conclusion: with a high obesity prevalence in boys and in children attending schools. The prevalence was not associated with BMI or WC we report a negative independent association between BMI and subsequent academic performance among female high-school students in Saudi Arabia. The current findings highlight the need for community and school programmes targeting overweight/obesity among high school students

Metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer: Current strategies of management in the Middle East

Although most patients with prostate cancer respond to initial androgen-deprivation therapy, progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is almost inevitable. In 2004, the docetaxel/prednisone regimen was approved for the management of patients with metastatic CRPC, becoming the standard first-line therapy. Recent advances have also led to an unprecedented number of approved new drugs; thus, providing several treatment options for patients with metastatic CRPC. Five new drugs have received US Food and Drug Administration-approval between 2010 and 2012: sipuleucel-T, an immunotherapeutic agent; cabazitaxel, a novel microtubule inhibitor; abiraterone acetate, a new androgen biosynthesis inhibitor; enzalutamide, a novel androgen receptor inhibitor; and denosumab, a bone-targeting agent. Such drugs are either already marketed or about to be marketed in the Middle East. Data supporting the approval of each of these agents are described in this review, as are recent approaches to the treatment of metastatic CRPC. © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd

Surgical Management of Lumbar Spine Fractures and Dislocations

Background: Lumbar spine fractures and dislocations, which are part of the thoracolumbar region, are critical injuries with significant morbidity. The epidemiological shift in the median age of injury and the high prevalence of these injuries, particularly in the T10-L2 region, highlight the necessity for effective therapeutic interventions. With advancements in spine biomechanics, imaging technologies, and surgical techniques, there has been a paradigm shift from conservative to surgical management, though high-quality comparative studies remain limited. Objective: To synthesize recent data on the epidemiology, evaluation, and management of lumbar spine fractures and dislocations, and to elucidate the comparative efficacy of surgical interventions and conservative approaches in optimizing patient outcomes. Method: This paper conducts a comprehensive review of epidemiological data on thoracolumbar traumatic injuries, diagnostic techniques, and management strategies, especially focusing on surgical interventions. The review also details specific surgical techniques utilized for lumbar spine fractures and their underlying rationale. Findings and Conclusion: Thoracolumbar injuries primarily affect the transitional zone (T11-L2) and show a higher incidence in males aged between 20 and 40. Imaging, especially CT scans, offers a definitive diagnostic approach, with MRI providing insights on soft tissue interactions. While historically, conservative methods dominated therapeutic interventions, surgical techniques, including Posterior Instrumentation, Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (ALIF), Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF), and Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PLIF), are increasingly being utilized. Some specific fractures even warrant a combined posterior-anterior surgical approach. Notably, certain case studies highlight the potential for superior outcomes with surgical intervention, even in the absence of neurological deficits. Selecting the appropriate management strategy should be tailored to individual patient factors, nature of the injury, and available expertise and resources

Anemia Of Chronic Disease And Kidney Failure

Anemia is a disease that caused due to inflammation, autoimmune disease, or chronic disease as cancer, kidney failure, heart failure, diabetes, but the main reason of anemia is iron deficiency. Breathlessness, weakness, and exhaustion are all possible effects of anemia. Anemia comes in a variety of types. Everyone has a unique reason. Anemia may be chronic or transient. It could be minor or really serious. Anemia may indicate a more serious medical condition.  In this research we will explain the anemia due to chronic disease especially kidney failure. Anemia occurs when decreasing the number of red blood cells that carry oxygen to the body. According to world health organization (WHO), the person has anemia when hemoglobin (which is present in red blood cells, transports oxygen from the lungs to every other organ in the body), (Hb) levels <12.0 g/dl in women and <13.0 g/dl in men. We can treat anemia by iron supplement, medications, blood transfusion, vitB12, blood and bone transplant but it occur in hospital and by healthy diet. If anemia remained untreated it will be a risk of irregular heartbeat, heart failure, infection, and in children it may cause developmental delay. We can diagnosis anemia by blood tests which are used by medical practitioners to look for indications of inflammation-related anemia, other anemias, or other health issues. You will give blood to a medical professional who will then submit the sample to a lab for analysis. The National institutes of health (NIH) approved that we can examine a variety of components and characteristics of your blood, such as how many red blood cells ,the dimensions of red blood cells ,how much hemoglobin is present in your blood and red blood cells ,the quantity of reticulocytes, or growing red blood cells, in your blood. Blood tests are another tool that a medical expert may use to measure how much iron is stored in blood, transferrin, and ferritin. If the results of a blood test indicate that you have anemia low blood iron levels will appear, determining the amount of iron in low and normal range. Adults who suffer from severe anemia may become vulnerable to heart or lung issues. For instance, you might experience heart failure, in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood throughout your body at the proper pressure or tachycardia, which is an unusually rapid heartbeat. Anemia  can also come from obesity unlike exception of some people so we should follow health diet has iron supplement such as meat, sugar beet

Interdisciplinary Cooperation Between Medical Secretary Technicians and Pharmacist

An evaluation was conducted to determine whether or not a pharmacy technician is capable of providing assistance with the functions of a pharmacist-driven osteoporosis management service that are linked to patient screening and documentation. Evidence suggests that a healthcare provider and pharmacy technician are able to accurately identify whether or not a patient is a candidate for intervention by a pharmacist and collect clinical information to aid the establishment of a care plan. The involvement of pharmacists and medical secretaries in patient care has been shown to improve results, including a reduction in adverse drug events and medication errors, an increase in the appropriateness of prescription use, and an improvement in patient understanding of their drugs

Identification of potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19 through a structural-based similarity approach between SARS-CoV-2 and its human host proteins

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to millions of deaths worldwide, and vaccination efficacy has been decreasing with each lineage, necessitating the need for alternative antiviral therapies. Predicting host–virus protein–protein interactions (HV-PPIs) is essential for identifying potential host-targeting drug targets against SARS-CoV-2 infection.Objective: This study aims to identify therapeutic target proteins in humans that could act as virus–host-targeting drug targets against SARS-CoV-2 and study their interaction against antiviral inhibitors.Methods: A structure-based similarity approach was used to predict human proteins similar to SARS-CoV-2 (“hCoV-2”), followed by identifying PPIs between hCoV-2 and its target human proteins. Overlapping genes were identified between the protein-coding genes of the target and COVID-19-infected patient’s mRNA expression data. Pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) term analyses, the construction of PPI networks, and the detection of hub gene modules were performed. Structure-based virtual screening with antiviral compounds was performed to identify potential hits against target gene-encoded protein.Results: This study predicted 19,051 unique target human proteins that interact with hCoV-2, and compared to the microarray dataset, 1,120 target and infected group differentially expressed genes (TIG-DEGs) were identified. The significant pathway and GO enrichment analyses revealed the involvement of these genes in several biological processes and molecular functions. PPI network analysis identified a significant hub gene with maximum neighboring partners. Virtual screening analysis identified three potential antiviral compounds against the target gene-encoded protein.Conclusion: This study provides potential targets for host-targeting drug development against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and further experimental validation of the target protein is required for pharmaceutical intervention

How Different Preparation Techniques Affect MRI-Induced Anxiety of MRI Patients: A Preliminary Study

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams may cause patients to feel anxious before or during the scan, which affects the scanning outcome and leads to motion artifacts. Adequate preparation can effectively alleviate patients’ anxiety before the scan. We aimed to assess the effect of different preparation methods on MRI-induced anxiety: We conducted a prospective randomized study on MRI patients between March and May 2022. We divided 30 patients into two groups: the control group, which received routine preparation (RP), and the experimental group, which received video preparation (VP).We used the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to measure anxiety levels before and after the interventions. We assessed patients’ self-satisfaction after the scan: After preparation, VP (STAI mean = 10.7500) and RP (STAI mean = 12.7857), we observed a significant association between the pre- and post-STAI results in VP (p = 0.025). The effects of both methods in decreasing anxiety were more significant for first-timers (p = 0.009 in RP/0.014 in VP). We noted high satisfaction levels for both forms of preparation. The VP technique was superior in reducing patient anxiety, especially in first-time MRI patients. Hence, VP techniques can be used in different clinical settings to reduce anxiety and facilitate patients’ understanding of the instructions given

Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

Elective cancer surgery in COVID-19-free surgical pathways during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: An international, multicenter, comparative cohort study

PURPOSE As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19–free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19–free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19–free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19–free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score–matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19–free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks