Transmission of Nocardia farcinica by two Ixodid species

The cultural, morphological and pathogenic characteristics of Nocardia farcinica were studied.Guinea pigs were susceptible to Nocardia farcinica, showing typical lesions following injections with cultures or infected tick materials.Rabbits readily acquired a generalized infection with Nocardia farcinica but only a small proportion of those so injected developed lesions.Generalized Nocardia farcinica infections did not result from minor skin traumata (pin -pricks and scarification) made in rabbits' ears and guinea pigs' backs which had previously been painted with cultures of the organism, and neither did they result when ticks were fed on surfaces so treated.The feeding performance and developmental periods of Amblyomma variegatum and Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum were also precisely studied.Larvae and nymphs of Amblyomma variegatum acquired Nocardia farcinica infection from rabbits and, at periods of up to nine weeks, transmitted these infections to other rabbits when feeding as the subsequent instars. Trials proved that this period of retention of transmissible infection can extend up to 33 weeks.Nymphs and adults of Amblyomma variegatum showed their ability to retain transmissible infection under various environmental conditions.Larvae and nymphs of Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum acquired Nocardia farcinica infection from rabbits and, at periods of up to eight weeks, transmitted the infection to other rabbits when feeding as the following instars. However, subsequent trials showed that Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum cannot retain naturally transmissible Nocardia farcinica infection for longer periods.Trans-ovarial transmission was not achieved with either species.These clear demonstrations of the trans-stadial transmission of the bovine farcy organism confirmed the existence of an epidemiological feature which has previously only been suspected

The SQ universality of some small cancellation groups

PhDA group G is a small cancellation group if, roughly, it has a presentation G= <A; R with the property that for any pair r, s of elemets of R either r=s1 or there is very little free cancellation in forming the product rs. The classical example of such a group is the fundamental group of a closed orientable 2-manifold of genus k which has a presentation k G=< al, bl, ..., ak, bk; 'TT \ai, bi' i=1 A countable group G is SQ-universal if every countable group can be embedded =in some quotient of G. The obvious example of SQ-universal group is the free group of rank 0. This work is a study of the SQ-universality of some small cancellation groups. A theory of diagrams is investigated in some detail- to be used as a tool in this study. The main achievement in this work is the following two results: (1) With few exceptions a small cancellation group contains nonabelian free subgroups. ( The emphasis here is on the nature of the free generators. ) (2) A characterization of the S Q-universality of some small cancellation groups

Identify Some Morphorogical and Biological Study of Gar or Alligator Fish Atractosteus spatula (Lepisosteiformes : Lepisosteidae ) ( Lacepede ,1803 )

This study attempt to highlight some aspects and the vital characteristics of the Gar or Alligator fish, also known as the Atractosteus spatula. These aspects include some of the behavior characteristics in family and the pattern of nutrition, in addition to some Morphorogical and Biological features that characterize this species such as body shape, and the ear's bone, especially it was recorded for the first time in the Iraqi waters in 2017 within the extraneous fish on the Iraqi water environment. Keywords: Biological aspects, Morphological aspects, Gar fish, Alligator fish

Effect of Financial Independence on Reducing Risk of Financial Fragility

Purpose:This research aims to know and measure the impact of financial independence on financial fragility and to provide an applied knowledge framework that shows the relationship between these variables.   Theoretical framework:  and the research problem was represented in several questions, such as can financial independence reduce the financial fragility of the research sample companies?; and what is the level of financial independence and financial fragility of these companies?.   Design/methodology/approach: Financial and statistical methods were relied on using the (SPSS) and (Excel) software. To answer these questions, test hypotheses and analyze the relationship between independent and dependent variables , several conclusions were reached, the most important of which is financial independence when companies reduce their dependence on debt and increase their dependence on internal resources as a main source of financing. Based on the conclusions, a set of recommendations was reached. The most important of which is the attention to restructuring the sources of financing for companies with high financial fragility, which contributes to increasing financial stability and reducing financial risks to a minimum.   Findings: The research was based on a sample consisting of (6) industrial companies listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange for the period from (2011-2020).   Research, Practical &amp; Social implications: The importance of the research lies in the fact that it has exploited the concepts of financial independence as it leads to reducing risks and assisting companies in reducing financial risks and reaching the required levels of performance, growth and continuity in a highly complex, unstable and limited environment, as well as contributing to urging companies to reconsider financial resources, and ways to benefit from it, which contributes to reducing costs and risks and increasing profitability.   Originality/value: The importance of the current research is highlighted by delving into very important topics for industrial companies, as the concepts of financial fragility and financial independence are of increasing importance in the current era, especially in light of the competitive environment, high costs and difficulty in obtaining financial resources

Effect of propolis on gene expiration IL-1? in Cyprinus carpio challenged with Aeromonas hydrophilia

Aquaculture has become a significant source of income in areas facing declining natural fishery productivity. This work aimed to investigate the effect of Water Ethanol Extract propolis (WEEP) on peritoneal macrophages in vitro production of cytokines, including interleukin-1beta (IL-1?) in common carp, Cyprinus carpio challenged with Aeromonas hydrophilia. The results of hematological parameters revealed substantial alterations, particularly significant in the 2g/kg propolis group (T2), where red blood cells, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin exhibited changes, indicating potential advantages for fish health by intriguing immunomodulatory effects. The 2 g/kg propolis group (T2) increased WBC count, suggesting propolis's potential as an immunostimulant. Interleukin-1? (IL-1?) gene expression results showed a significant decrease in T2 compared to T3. This finding revealed the intricate relationship between propolis concentrations and the modulation of the immune response. The results showed the positive effect of propolis on as potential application as an immunostimulant in aquaculture

System and circuit level design and analysis of a 16-bit sigma-delta ADC for a TETRA-2 network mobile station application

This paper outlines a comprehensive design evaluation for development of a 16-bit Sigma-Delta (Σ-Δ) Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) for TETRA-2 Network Mobile Station (MS). A step-by-step design approach is described commencing from system-level evaluation leading to the circuit design, which would serve as a useful reference to designers involved with development of ADCs for wireless equipment

Nonlinear-Stability Analysis of Higher Order Δ–Σ Modulators for DC and Sinusoidal Inputs

Abstract—The present work that exists on predicting the stability of Δ–Σ modulators is confined to DC input signals and unity quantizer gains. This poses a limitation for numerous Δ–Σ modulator applications. The proposed research work gives the stability curves for DC, sine, and dual sinusoidal inputs for any value of the quantizer gain. The maximum stable input limits for third-, fourth-, and fifth-order Chebyshev-Type-II-based Δ–Σ modulators are established using the describing-function method for DC and sinusoidal inputs. Closed-form mathematical expressions for the gains of the quantizer for higher order Δ–Σ modulators whose inputs are two concurrent sinusoids are derived from first principles. The derived stability curves are shown to agree reasonably well with the simulation results for different types of input signals and amplitudes

Nonlinear Model-Based Approach for Accurate Stability Prediction of One-Bit Higher-Order Delta-Sigma (Δ-Σ)Modulators

The present approaches on predicting stability of Delta-Sigma (Δ-Σ) modulators are mostly confined to DC inputs. This poses limitations as practical applications of Δ-Σ modulators involve a wide range of signals other than DC. In this paper, a quasi-linear model for Δ-Σ modulators with nonlinear feedback control analysis is presented that accurately predicts the stability of higher-order single-loop 1-bit Δ-Σ modulators for various types of input signals such as single-sinusoids, dual-sinusoids, multiple-sinusoids and Gaussian. Theoretical values are shown to match closely with simulation results. The results of this paper would significantly speed up the design and evaluation of higher-order single-loop 1-bit Δ-Σ modulators for various applications including those that may require multiple-sinusoidal inputs or any general input composed of a finite number of sinusoidal components, circumventing the need to perform detailed time-consuming simulations to quantify stability limits. By using the proposed method, the difference between the predicted and the actual stable amplitude limits results in an error of less than 1 dB in the in-band Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for 3rd- and higher-order Δ-Σ modulators for single-sinusoidal inputs. For single-, dual-, multiple-sinusoidal and Gaussian inputs the error is less than 2 dB for the 5th-order and reduces to less than 1 dB for 6th- and higher-order Δ-Σ modulators

A Study on the Effects of Accumulated and Independent Clock Jitter on Discrete-Time Delta- Sigma Modulators

This paper describes the effects of accumulated and independent clock jitters on the tonality and the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of discrete-time Δ-Σ modulators. Simulations demonstrate that accumulated clock jitter exhibits increased tonality in the magnitude spectrum of the Δ-Σ modulator output especially at very high frequencies, while having no significant effect on the SNR. Independent clock jitter, on the other hand, degrades SNR performance but causes no increase in tonality