Application Of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy In Addressing The Problems Of Bulliying In The School: A Case Study

This study was to examine the theoretical approach that can be used against the client in solving a problem. This study was performed on one client at a school in Kluang, Johor who have behavior problems and negative thoughts. This study focuses on two aspects of the problems can be identified, namely the problem of aggressive acts such as bullying and fighting the teachers and the problems do not feel accepted by their friends and not loved by their parents. This study was conducted to provide a one-time counseling sessions and has been running for thirty minutes. Counselor had also sought approval for the session to be recorded as a reference and collection for the counselor. The suitable theory to used in thid session is rational emotive behaviour theory. The tecnique in REBT such as role-playing was applied in this session due to the client’s unrational behaviour. Client behave in improper manner due to the negitive thoughts. Based on counselor’s reading on theory shows that it is suitable to be applied in session as to help client to achieve his/her goals and success in life. Keywords: REBT, Bulliying, Role-playin

Labour Skill, Trade Structure and Comparative Advantage of Malaysia's Manufacturing Industries, 1978-1996

As a small open economy, Malaysia'S development strategy is best formulated with the view of trade-production paradigm. Its development targets should be driven by the condition of demand. A supply-driven approach is not only technically nonfeasible, but also will frustrate development efforts and bring about destabilising effects in the long term. In the context of the recent East Asian crisis, failure to recognise the important force of the external sector has gradually eroded economic fundamentals of the economies. Although a capital-intensive technique of production leads to higher labour productivity, the rate of increase in the physical capital accumulation has to match with that of human capital. In order not to frustrate the external account, skill requirement could be estimated by equalising the skill content for producing trade flows. In this way human capital requirements are integrated into the external account and thus ensure long-term sustainability. An input-output model is used to examine the country's resource allocation in production and trade. Also, an approach of H-O extension has been used to investigate the skill intensity of Malaysian trade by analysing skill content of exports and imports. The results found that Malaysia's comparative advantage lies in low skill while its discomparative advantage relies on the highly skilled

Subchondral bone plate changes more rapidly than trabecular bone in osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder, characterised by focal loss of cartilage and increased subchondral bone remodelling at early OA stages of the disease. We have investigated the temporal and the spatial relationship between bone remodelling in subchondral bone plate (Sbp) and trabecular bone (Tb) in Dunkin Hartley (DH, develop OA early) and the Bristol Strain 2 (BS2, control which develop OA late) guinea pigs. Right tibias were dissected from six male animals of each strain, at 10, 16, 24 and 30 weeks of age. Micro-computed tomography was used to quantify the growth plate thickness (GpTh), subchondral bone plate thickness (SbpTh) and trabecular bone thickness (TbTh), and bone mineral density (BMD) in both Sbp and Tb. The rate of change was calculated for 10–16 weeks, 16–24 weeks and 24–30 weeks. The rate of changes in Sbp and Tb thickness at the earliest time interval (10–16 weeks) were significantly greater in DH guinea pigs than in the growth-matched control strain (BS2). The magnitude of these differences was greater in the medial side than the lateral side (DH: 22.7 and 14.75 µm/week, BS2: 5.63 and 6.67 µm/week, respectively). Similarly, changes in the BMD at the earliest time interval was greater in the DH strain than the BS2, again more pronounced in the disease prone medial compartment (DH: 0.0698 and 0.0372 g/cm3/week, BS2: 0.00457 and 0.00772 g/cm3/week, respectively). These changes observed preceded microscopic and cellular signs of disease as previously reported. The rapid early changes in SbpTh, TbTh, Sbp BMD and Tb BMD in the disease prone DH guinea pigs compared with the BS2 control strain suggest a link to early OA pathology. This is corroborated by the greater relative changes in subchondral bone in the medial compared with the lateral compartment

Update on Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonotic Viral Disease

Emerging zoonotic infectious diseases are those infections, in which the incidence of humans and animal have either increased during the last two decades or threaten to increase in the near future. Among diseases emerging in the 21st century, emerging and re- emerging Zoonotic is raising one of the greatest concerns for public health globally. This infectious diseases account for 26% of annual deaths worldwide. There is clearly a need to understand the dynamics of infectious diseases in complex multi host communities in order to mitigate disease threats to public health, livestock economies and wildlife due to emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases.  This paper was designed with the objectives to provide updated compiled information about emerging and re-emerging viral zoonotic diseases. The viruses that cause emerging and re-emerging diseases are dynamic and ever changing, able to mutate into forms that at times make them more or less virulent, transmissible, and/or resilient. They emerge and re-emerge in a world of rapid advances and ease in international travel and trade, and are carried around the globe in humans and animals.  The ability of a pathogen to infect multiple hosts, particularly hosts in other taxonomic orders or wildlife, is also a risk factors for emergence in human and livestock pathogens. Future occurrences of newly emerging and re-emerging diseases are most likely to erupt at these intensifying interfaces. It is inevitable that emergence and re-emergence will continue to occur. Thus, to reduce the impact, a robust public health infrastructure should be maintained or developed to enable rapid detection and response. Keywords: Emerging Disease, Re-emerging Disease, Viral Diseases, Zoonosi

The role of cross-reactivity between mycobacteria and joint tissues in the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis with particular reference to terminal N-acetylglucosamine and 65 kilodalton heat shock protein

Several historical and recent reports have implicated mycobacteria or autoantigens cross-reactive with mycobacteria in the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Thus adjuvant arthritis can be transferred to naive rats with a T cell clone responsive to the mycobacterial 65 kDa heat shock protein (hsp65). Moreover agalactosyl IgG [Gal(O)], of which the oligosaccharides lack terminal galactose and terminate in N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), occurs with increased frequency in RA and some mycobacterial infections. The cell walls of bacteria including mycobacteria are rich in terminal GlcNAc and the hsp65 is one of the immunodominant antigens of mycobacteria. The present study was undertaken to establish whether GlcNAc and/or hsp65-directed autoimmunity could occur in RA. Using a monoclonal antibody (mAb) which binds to terminal GlcNAc of Gal(O) the presence of large quantities of immunoreactive GlcNAc has been demonstrated in the joints of RA patients. It was also discovered that a subset of monocytes from both RA and normal donors transiently expresses membrane GlcNAc in culture. Affinity-purified anti-GlcNAc from both pooled normal and RA sera binds to IgG heavy chains on western blots. A murine mAb raised against mycobacterial antigen and a rabbit polyclonal antibody to hamster hsp65 were used to document the presence of a major band of around 65 kDa in synovial fluid (SF) from inflamed joints and immune complexes from RA patients. This protein was thought to be the human homologue of the mycobacterial hsp65. However, this molecule is about 7 kDa larger than the affinity-purified hsp65 from human placenta and it appeared unlikely that this molecule is of bacterial origin. This observation therefore casts doubt on several earlier reports where anti-mycobacterial antibodies were used to show increased expression of hsp65 in rheumatoid joints. The latter antibodies bind to several different components of human tissue and were not selected for specificity to human tissue. Therefore, mAbs were made to the human hsp and it has been shown that the major band at 65 kDa in SF is not the human homologue of the bacterial hsp65. Human hsp is present in the joint but at very low concentration and in SDS PAGE runs at about 58 kDa. Moreover, the previous reports showing increased expression of the hsp in joint tissues are inaccurate. First, it is clear that the presence of the hsp in rheumatoid tissues is not RA specific and secondly the distribution is also rather different from that described using the anti-mycobacterial antibodies. The levels of IgA and IgG antibodies to mycobacterial hsp65 are raised in RA sera and at least some of these IgG antibodies appeared to be autoantibodies. Moreover in RA SF a significant rise in the levels of IgA and IgG antibodies to the human hsp58 was found. There appears to be a correlation between raised levels of Gal(O) and antibody to hsp65 in mice, however no such correlation was found in RA sera or synovial fluid. Moreover, anti-GlcNAc antibody was not associated with raised Gal(O), and neither anti-GlcNAc nor antibody to hsp65 appear to lack galactose

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL & BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN TOMATO PLANTS TREATED WITH PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA (PGPR) UNDER SALINITY STRESS CONDITIONS

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) can effectively mitigate the negative impacts of salt stress on plants. The present study reports the isolation of PGPRs from a high-saline mangrove ecosystem in Abu Dhabi, with isolates exhibiting ACC deaminase (ACCD) activity to reduce stress-induced ethylene, along with additional plant growth-promoting (PGP) characteristics, including phosphate solubilization (P+). A total of 57 salt-tolerant bacterial isolates from the mangrove rhizosphere were initially screened for ACCD and P+ activities. Of these, 24 isolates tested positive for PGP characteristics and were further evaluated for their ability to enhance salt stress tolerance in tomato seedlings. In addition, seedlings inoculated with 9 selected isolates demonstrated improved growth compared to non-inoculated controls on agar plates containing 75 mM NaCl. Following additional screening, four isolates (B1–B4) were chosen for greenhouse experiments. Under greenhouse conditions, Bacillus subtilis (B1) and Bacillus siamensis (B3) were found to be more significant to alleviating salt stress-induced damage and enhancing salt tolerance in tomato plants, followed by Bacillus velezensis (B2), which showed a moderate effect. In contrast, Priestia filamentosa (B4) demonstrated the least impact of them all. Inoculation with B1 and B3 significantly increased shoot length, shoot dry weight (DW), shoot fresh weight (FW), root DW, root FW, and flower count per plant under saline conditions. In comparison, B2 exhibited a moderate effect, while B4 showed the least impact. Additionally, chlorophyll-a fluorescence studies showed that plants inoculated with B1 and B3 had the highest photosystem II (PSII) efficiency, followed by B2, while B4-treated plants showed the lowest efficiency under NaCl-induced salinity stress. Moreover, the leaf spectral reflectance indices of tomato plants inoculated with B1 and B3 were the highest, followed by moderate increases in B2-treated plants, while the lowest values were observed in plants treated with B4 and the uninoculated controls. The variation in salt tolerance among tomato plants treated with isolates B1–B4 was correlated quantitatively and qualitatively with the plant growth-promoting characteristics of the isolates, particularly their ACCD activity and IAA production. Overall, the findings suggest that isolates B1 and B3 hold the potential as biofertilizers to improve tomato production under saline conditions