Solar system for irrigation system

Solar power is absolutely perfect for use with irrigation systems for gardens, grass such as golf course, field and especially for planting. Using 12 V Solar Panel, the sun energy will converted to electrical power and saves to 12 V batteries. When the sun is rising and shining, the solar panel will absorb the energy of the sun and the energy will keep in the battery. The battery will supply the power to the water pump. By using the timer, the irrigation system will turn on the pump at the same time every day. We also can use relay to supply the power of the pump or many other pump with our choice to ON/OFF the pump every day. The system will turn OFF when the electrical conductivity probes detect the suitable value of soil moisture

Numerical Study on the Effect of Geometrical Parameters on the Performance of Vortex Tube Cooling Device Using Simflow

Vortex tube is a simple device which can separate room temperature compressed gas into the cold and hot flow. The performance of vortex tube is mainly affected by its geometrical parameters. In this study, the parameters are focused on cold outlet diameter and hot tube length. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect the cold outlet diameter and hot tube length in the range of 4-5 mm and 175-194 mm, respectively, when the inner diameter of vortex tube is 10 mm. The numerical investigation was carried using SIMFLOW 2.1 to predict the performance of vortex tube. The results show that 4 mm cold outlet diameter and 175 mm hot tube length is the optimum parameter for 10 mm inner tube diameter of the vortex tube

Pathogenicity of salmonella enteritidis phage types 3A and 35 after experimental infection of white leg horn chicks.

Out of 155 newly hatched SPF White Leghorn chicks, five chicks were randomly separated to confirm the SPF status of the chicks before inoculation. The remaining 150 chicks were divided into six groups. The three sacrificed groups (A, B and C) of 30 chicks each and their respective three mortality groups (MA, MB and MC) of 20 chicks each. The chicks in groups A and MA, and in groups B and MB were challenged orally with 0.1mL containing 107 cfu of SE phage type 3A(UPM-0541) and SE phage type 35 ( UPM-0525), respectively. The un-inoculated groups C and MC served as negative controls. Pathogenicity of Salmonella enteri caserovar enteritidis (S.Enteritidis) phage types (PTs) 3A and 35 infections was determined through inoculation orally with (0.1mL/chick) 107 colony forming units (cfu). Clinical signs and mortality were observed for 21 days post inoculation (pi). Body weights, bacterial isolation, gross lesions and histological lesions were recorded on days 1, 3,5,7,14 and 21pi. The inoculated chicks in A and B groups showed clinical signs of depression, anorexia, ruffled feathers, vent pasting and diarrhea starting from day 1pi. Lifting of wings from thorax was observed in group A only at day 5 and 7pi. The chicks in MA and MB groups that died during experiment showed all the clinical sings before death. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in body weight gain among the inoculated and the control groups. The growth index value (0.035) for all the groups remained increased. The mortality caused by SE PT3A and PT35 was 10% and 5%, respectively. About 20-10% inoculated sacrificed and all the dead birds showed gross lesions of enlarged livers, fibrinous perihepatitis and pericarditis which was supported by histopathology. The Salmonella was isolated from the cultured samples of chicks inoculated with SE PT3A and SE PT35 throughout the experiment period with the individual variation of chicks and samples. It was concluded that newly hatched SPF chicks are susceptible to PT3A and PT35 infections. These phage types are mild to moderately pathogenic for SPF chicks

Finite Element Analysis for the Buckling Load of Corrugated Tubes

The buckling behavior of the geometry subjected to static loading (compression) is presented. The columns under consideration were made with corrugation perpendicular to the line of action which coincides exactly with the unstrained axis of the column. Four different arrangements of tubes have been considered for all the conditions taken into consideration. The thickness of the tubes, the number of corrugation, and diameter of the tubes, pitch and depth of the tubes have been varied accordingly. Analysis of the prepared tubes was performed using ANSYS 17.0. A linear buckling analysis was performed to calculate the critical load of the corrugated tubes. The effect of buckling and maximum critical load of the FEM models are discussed

Pathogenicity of Salmonella enteritidis phage types 6A and 7 in experimentally infected chicks

Pathogenicity of Salmonela enterica serovar enteritdis (S.E) phage types (PTs) 6A and 7 were determined in oraly inoculated newly hatched specific pathogen fre (SPF) chicks. Clinical signs and mortality were observed daily. Body weights, bacterial isolation, gros lesions and histological lesions were recorded on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 post inoculations (pi). Out of 15 newly hatched SPF White Leghorn chicks, five chicks were randomly separated to confirm the SPF status of the chicks before inoculation. The remaining chicks were divided into thre sacrificed groups (A, B and C) of 30 chicks each and their respective thre mortality groups (MA, MB and MC) of 20 chicks each. Groups A and MA, and groups B and MB were inoculated oraly with 0.1mL containing 107 cfu of SE PT6A (UPM-0527) and SE PT7 (UPM-0530), respectively. The un-inoculated groups C and MC served as negative controls. Chicks in groups A and B showed clinical signs of depresion, anorexia, rufled feathers, vent pasting and diarhea starting from day 1 pi. Lifting of wings from thorax was observed in group A and B from day 1 and 5 pi, respectively. There was significant diference (p<0.05) in body weight gain among the inoculated and the control groups on days 14 and 21 pi. Growth index values were 0.035, 0.036 and 0.037 for groups A, B and C, respectively. Mortality of 20% was recorded only in MA group. Gos lesions of unabsorbed yolk, airsaculits, fibrinous pericardits, fibrinous perihapatis, enlarged kidneys, splenomegaly and dehydration were observed in about 15% of sacrificed chicks in group A and 10% in group B. Mild to moderate lesions were observed under microscope. Salmonela was isolated from the cultured samples of group A and B throughout the experiment period with the individual variation of chicks and samples. It was concluded that newly hatched SPF chicks are susceptible to PT6A and PT7 infections. These SE PTs are mild to moderately pathogenic for SPF chicks. SE PT6A is more pathogenic than SE PT7

Participation of Large Ca2+ Activated Potassium Channel in Antinociceptive Activity of Chalcone Derivative (3-(2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(5-methylfuran-2-yl) prop-2-en-1-one) DMPF-1 Action in Mice Model

The role of potassium channels in nociceptive activity was proposed in the past decade. Various type of potassium channel has been found to exert different action in propogation of action potential in nervous system. As DMPF-1, a chalcone derivative possesses antinociceptive properties. The mechanism of its action has been carried out to verify the pathway involved. The present study addressed the role of potassium channel in the contribution of the antinociceptive action of DMPF-1. The involvement of potassium channel was evaluated using acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test.The animals were pretreated with charybdotoxin (large Ca2+ activated potassium channel blocker)(0.04mg/kg, i.p) or apamin (small Ca2+ activated potassium channel blocker)(0.02mg/kg, i.p.) 15 minutes before administration of DMPF-1. It was demonstrated that the challenge of DMPF-1 treated group with charybdotoxin has reversed the antinociceptive activity of this novel chalcone, which indicates the possible participation of large Ca2+ activated potassium channel in antinociceptive effect cause by DMPF-1 but not through small Ca2+ activated potassium channel

Insect pest resistance: an alternative approach for crop protection

From experience with insect resistance caused by synthetic chemical insecticides, it is clear that no single management tactic can provide lasting solutions to the insect pest problem. Biological control is a component of integrated pest management strategies that minimize insecticide spray applications and move towards ecofriendly systems of pest management. Successful utilization of host plant resistance, phytochemical products, pheromones, biological control agents such as predators, parasitoids, entomopathogenic bacteria, virus, nematodes, and fungi can help to control many destructive pests to achieve sustainable crop protection

Nitrate and nitrogen oxides: sources, health effects and their remediation

Increased use of nitrogenous (N) fertilizers in agriculture has significantly altered the global N-cycle because they release nitrogenous gases of environmental concerns. The emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) contributes to the global greenhouse gas accumulation and the stratospheric ozone depletion. In addition, it causes nitrate leaching problem deteriorating ground water quality. The nitrate toxicity has been reported in a number of studies showing the health hazards like methemoglobinemia in infants and is a potent cause of cancer. Despite these evident negative environmental as well as health impacts, consumption of N fertilizer cannot be reduced in view of the food security for the teeming growing world population. Various agronomic and genetic modifications have been practiced to tackle this problem. Some agronomic techniques adopted include split application of N, use of slow-release fertilizers, nitrification inhibitors and encouraging the use of organic manure over chemical fertilizers. As a matter of fact, the use of chemical means to remediate nitrate from the environment is very difficult and costly. Particularly, removal of nitrate from water is difficult task because it is chemically non-reactive in dilute aqueous solutions. Hence, the use of biological means for nitrate remediation offers a promising strategy to minimize the ill effects of nitrates and nitrites. One of the important goals to reduce N-fertilizer application can be effectively achieved by choosing N-efficient genotypes. This will ensure the optimum uptake of applied N in a balanced manner and exploring the molecular mechanisms for their uptake as well as metabolism in assimilatory pathways. The objectives of this paper are to evaluate the interrelations which exist in the terrestrial ecosystems between the plant type and characteristics of nutrient uptake and analyze the global consumption and demand for fertilizer nitrogen in relation to cereal production, evaluate the various methods used to determine nitrogen use efficincy (NUE), determine NUE for the major cereals grown across large agroclimatic regions, determine the key factors that control NUE, and finally analyze various strategies available to improve the use efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen

Psychiatric disorders among young male adult prisoners: a cross sectional study in a Malaysian prison

Introduction: In recent years there has been an increase in the number of young people in prison. This study is the firstto look at the proportion of psychiatric disorders among young adultprisoners. Objective: The main objective is to determine the percentage of psychiatric disorders among young adult male prisoners. Method: A cross sectional study of young adult male prisoners, with ages ranged between 18 and 21 years old, was conducted between September and December, 2008 at the Kajang Prison. A total of 225 inmates participated in the study which used the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) as its instrument. Results: The percentage of psychiatric disorders was 60.0%. Alcohol and substance related disorders had the highest prevalence at 50.2%, followed by Major Depressive Disorders and Dysthymia at 16.9%. About 39.6% were observed to have antisocial personality disordet Psychiatric disorders were found to have significant differences (p<O.05) in connection with parental marriage and recidivism. Conclusion: This study shows that the percentage of psychiatric disorders, especially substance related disorders, is high among young male adult prisoners. It highlights the urgent need for early intervention for this group of young people

Efficiency of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for the enhancement of rice growth

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial bacteria that colonize plant roots and enhance plant growth by a wide variety of mechanisms. The use of PGPR is steadily increasing in agriculture and offers an attractive way to replacechemical fertilizers, pesticides, and supplements. Here, we have isolated and characterized the PGPR from the rhizosphere soil of rice field for the enhancement of growth of rice. Rhizosphere soils were collected from different areas of Mymensingh in Bangladesh. Ten isolates of bacteria, designated as PGB1, PGB2, PGB3, PGB4, PGB5, PGT1, PGT2, PGT3, PGG1 and PGG2, were successfully isolated and characterized. Subsequently, to investigate the effects of PGPR isolates on the growth of rice, a pot culture experiment was conducted. Prior to seeds grown in plastic pots, seeds were treated with PGPR isolates and seedlings were harvested after 21 days of inoculation. Isolates PGB4, PGT1, PGT2, PGT3, PGG1 and PGG2 induced the production of indole acetic acid (IAA), whereas only PGT3 isolate was able to solubilize phosphorus. Most of isolates resulted in a significant increase in plant height, root length, and dry matter production of shoot and root of rice seedlings. Furthermore, PGPR isolates remarkably increased seed germination of rice. Among the ten isolates, PGB4 and PGG2 were found almost equally better in all aspects such as dry matter production, plant height and root length of rice, and IAA production. Isolate PGT3 was also found to be promising in IAA production having an additional property of phosphate solubilization. The present study, therefore, suggests that the use of PGPR isolates PGB4, PGG2 and PGT3 as inoculant biofertilizers might be beneficial for rice cultivation as they enhanced growth of rice, and induced IAA production and phosphorus solubilization