Translators-localizers training – review of problems and proposal for a model course in localization

Coraz więcej osób korzysta codziennie z różnego rodzaju zlokalizowanych produktów, których treści przetłumaczono i dostosowano do wymogów polskiego rynku i odbiorcy. Lokalizacja to obecnie najbardziej dynamicznie rozwijająca się gałąź usług tłumaczeniowych, generująca ogromne obroty i wymagająca wykwalifikowanych lokalizatorów, których jednak niezwykle trudno znaleźć. Uniwersyteckie programy kształcenia tłumaczy koncentrują się zazwyczaj na przekładzie literackim, niekiedy prawnym i prawniczym, podczas gdy od tłumacza-lokalizatora wymaga się nieco innego zestawu umiejętności niż od tłumacza tekstów literackich bądź prawnych i prawniczych. Studenci rozważający podjęcie pracy lokalizatora są zazwyczaj skazani na samodzielną naukę i zdanie się na intuicję. Wykładowcy uniwersyteccy natomiast często uważają, że ta dziedzina tłumaczeń nie wymaga specjalnych rozwiązań dydaktycznych ani umiejętności, a zadania stawiane przed lokalizatorami są trywialnie proste (w szczególności w ich językowym aspekcie). Artykuł przedstawia problemy i wyzwania związane z kształtowaniem językowych i pozajęzykowych kompetencji tłumaczy-lokalizatorów oraz proponuje model nauczania przedmiotu „Lokalizacja”.Various types of localized products are being used by more and more people with increasing frequency. Contents of such products are translated and made appropriate to the Polish market and user (localized). Localization is the most dynamic sector of the translation industry, generates substantial sales volumes and requires highly qualified localizers who are still relatively difficult to find. University translation courses usually focus on literary translation and sometimes also cover legal texts, whereas translators-localizers are expected to possess a slightly different skill set. Students planning a career as localizers are usually resigned to self-study and intuition. University teachers often believe that this translation modality does not require any special didactic approach or abilities, and that the tasks faced by localizers are trivially simple (especially in their linguistic aspect). The article presents issues and challenges related to developing linguistic and non-linguistic competences of translators-localizers. Finally a model university course in localization is [email protected] w Białymstoku, Wydział FilologicznyAlcina A., Translation technologies: scope, tools and resources, „Target” 2008, 20.Burkhanov I., Translation: Theoretical Prerequisites, Rzeszów 2003.Dunne K. J., A Copernican Revolution, [w:] Perspectives on Localization, K. J. Dunne (red.), Amsterdam/Philadelphia 2006.Esselink B., A Practical Guide to Localization, Amsterdam/Philadelphia 2000.Esselink B., The Evolution of Localization, [w:] Translation Technology and its Teaching (with much mention of localization), A. Pym, A. Perekrestenko, B. Starink (red.), Terragona 2006.Folaron D., A discipline coming of age in the digital age, [w:] Perspectives on Localization, K. J. Dunne (red.), Amsterdam/Philadelphia 2006.Hatim B., Munday J., Translation. An advanced resource book, London/New York 2004.Hejwowski K., Kognitywno-komunikacyjna teoria przekładu, Warszawa 2004.Hejwowski K., Tłumaczenie, ekwiwalencja i teorie przekładu, [w:] Translatoryka. Koncepcje – Modele – Analizy, S. Grucza, A. Marchwiński, M. Płużyczka (red.), Warszawa 2010.Hoppenrath D., Localisation in the Global Village, „Localisation Focus” 2002.Jimenez-Crespo M. A., Translation and Web Localization, London/New York 2013.Munday J., Introducing Translation Studies. Theories and Applications, London/New York 2012.Poupaud S., Summary of discussion on Finding Qualified Trainers, [w:] Translation Technology and its Teaching (with much mention of localization), A. Pym., A. Perekrestenko, B. Starink (red.), Terragona 2006.Pym A., The Moving Text: Localization, translation, and distribution, Amsterdam/Philadelphia 2004.Pym A., Exploring Translation Theories, London/New York 2010.Remael A., Audiovisual translation, [w:] Handbook of Translation Studies, Volume 1, Y. Gambier, L. van Doorslaer (red.), Amsterdam/Philadelphia 2010.Schäler R., Linguistic resources and localisation, [w:] Topics in Language Resources for Translation and Localisation, E. Y. Rodrigo (red.), Amsterdam/Philadelphia 2008.Stysiak M., Polska – czytelnicze pustkowie, „Gazeta Wyborcza” 2015, 36 (8369).157-16

Chołost w Biełarusi 1941 - 1944. Dokumienty i materiały, Narodowe Archiwum Republiki Białorusi, Mińsk 2002, ss. 276

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Pension funds and acceleration of Poland's economic development

Retirement systems are extremely complex social, economic, legal, and organisational structures. The authors of retirement systems are faced with a great number of dilemmas. The pension related expenditure has systematically been increasing in the developed world, also as a percentage of GDP, due to the fast ageing of societies both as a result of the fact that life expectancy has become longer and due to a decline in the number of children per family. Consequently, according to the estimates of the International Monetary Fund, in order to maintain the liquidity of public retirement systems in industrialised countries in the light of between 1995 and 2050 it would be necessary to increase expenditure for this purpose on average by 1.8% of GDP annually. It is also a great challenge to Poland, which introduced its new retirement system in 1999. This paper analyses the possible impact of the new pension system on Poland's economic development. It discuses pension funds in the new architecture of the Polish retirement system and lists conditions for such an impact. It also analyses position of the pension funds on the Polish financial market and discusses opportunities for using open pension fund investment potential. Eventually it focuses on development opportunities for Polish economy in reference the pension system

Impact of European Integration on the Functioning of the Insurance Market in Poland

The transformation process, that has begun 20 years ago, generated significant changes in the structure and organization of Polish economy. It stimulated development of particular market's segments, especially of the insurance sector. Poland's accession to the European Union required conformity to Its regulations, fulfillment of several conditions connected with the membership in the European Community. The purpose of this article is to present the main consequences of Poland's integration with EU in the field of insurance market. Joining the common market was an important challenge for this sector in our country.Rok 1990 stanowił początek procesu transformacji systemu społeczno - gospodarczego i ustrojowego. Ostatnie 20 lat to okres intensywnych przemian o charakterze strukturalnym i organizacyjnym, w wyniku których ukształtowały się warunki rozwoju poszczególnych segmentów systemu finansowego państwa, zwłaszcza sektora ubezpieczeń. Przystąpienie Polski do Unii Europejskiej wymagało wprowadzenia szeregu zmian, dostosowujących polski porządek prawny do uregulowań wspólnotowych regulujących funkcjonowanie rynku ubezpieczeń. Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie szans i zagrożeń, jakie wynikają dla tego segmentu gospodarki z przystąpienia Polski do UE. Niewątpliwie proces integracji stanowił poważne wyzwanie dla polskiego rynku ubezpieczeń

Evolution of EU-Mexico relations: time for real partnership?

The evolution of the political and economic landscape in the world in recent years has made European Union “rediscover” Latin America as a partner with future potential. This interest has converged with Mexico’s aspirations to activate its international policy and strengthen relations with Europe. Another aspect of this renewed interest is an attempt at balancing the weakening NAFTA and also, in a broader context, it can be included in the strategy of building alliances especially economic ones in extra-American areas. For the first time, both parties – the EU and Mexico – are showing a deep interest in intensifying mutual contacts, refreshing their formulas and giving them a new meaning. The article below is aimed at discussing the EU – Mexico relations, both contemporary and historical ones, their specificity, importance and possibilities of further development.ResumenLa evolución del panorama político y económico del mundo en los últimos años le ha permitido a la Unión Europea “redescubrir” América Latina como un posible socio. Este interés coincide con las aspiraciones que tiene México de activar la política internacional y profundizar las relaciones con Europa. Podemos considerarlas como un intento de compensar el debilitamiento del NAFTA, así como, en un contexto más amplio, inscribirlas en la estrategia de construcción de alianzas, especialmente económicas, en áreas fuera de las Américas. Por primera vez desde hace mucho tiempo las ambas partes, la UE y México, manifiestan un profundo interés en la reactivación de sus contactos mutuos, la renovación de su fórmula y una nueva orientación de estas relaciones. El presente artículo se propone comentar las relaciones entre la Unión Europea y México, tanto contemporáneas como pasadas, su especificidad, su carácter y qué oportunidades existen para su mayor desarrollo

No Evidence for Evolution in the Far-Infrared-Radio Correlation out to z ~ 2 in the eCDFS

We investigate the 70 um Far-Infrared Radio Correlation (FRC) of star-forming galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South (ECDFS) out to z > 2. We use 70 um data from the Far-Infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (FIDEL), which comprises the most sensitive (~0.8 mJy rms) and extensive far-infrared deep field observations using MIPS on the Spitzer Space Telescope, and 1.4 GHz radio data (~8 uJy/beam rms) from the VLA. In order to quantify the evolution of the FRC we use both survival analysis and stacking techniques which we find give similar results. We also calculate the FRC using total infrared luminosity and rest-frame radio luminosity, qTIR, and find that qTIR is constant (within 0.22) over the redshift range 0 - 2. We see no evidence for evolution in the FRC at 70 um which is surprising given the many factors that are expected to change this ratio at high redshifts.Comment: 18 pages, 13 figures. Accepted for publication in Ap

Dark Matter in Dwarf Spheroidals I: Models

This paper introduces a new two-parameter family of dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy models. The density distribution has a Plummer profile and falls like the inverse fourth power of distance in projection, in agreement with the star-count data. The first free parameter controls the velocity anisotropy, the second controls the dark matter content. The dark matter distribution can be varied from one extreme of mass-follows-light through a near-isothermal halo with flat rotation curve to the other extreme of an extended dark halo with harmonic core. This family of models is explored analytically in some detail -- the distribution functions, the intrinsic moments and the projected moments are all calculated. For the nearby Galactic dSphs, samples of hundreds of discrete radial velocities are becoming available. A technique is developed to extract the anisotropy and dark matter content from such data sets by maximising the likelihood function of the sample of radial velocities. This is constructed from the distribution function and corrected for observational errors and the effects of binaries. Tests on simulated data sets show that samples of 1000 discrete radial velocities are ample to break the degeneracy between mass and anisotropy in the nearby dSphs. Interesting constraints can already be placed on the distribution of the dark matter with samples of 160 radial velocities (the size of the present-day data set for Draco).Comment: 16 pages, version in press at MNRA

Blue straggler stars in dwarf spheroidal galaxies

Blue straggler star (BSS) candidates have been observed in all old dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs), however whether or not they are authentic BSSs or young stars has been a point of debate. To both address this issue and obtain a better understanding of the formation of BSSs in different environments we have analysed a sample of BSS candidates in two nearby Galactic dSphs, Draco and Ursa Minor. We have determined their radial and luminosity distributions from wide field multicolour imaging data extending beyond the tidal radii of both galaxies. BSS candidates are uniformly distributed through the host galaxy, whereas a young population is expected to show a more clumpy distribution. Furthermore, the observed radial distribution of BSSs, normalized to both red giant branch (RGB) and horizontal branch (HB) stars, is almost flat, with a slight decrease towards the centre. Such a distribution is at odds with the predictions for a young stellar population, which should be more concentrated. Instead, it is consistent with model predictions for BSS formation by mass transfer in binaries (MT-BSSs). Such results, although not decisive, suggest that these candidates are indeed BSSs and that MT-BSSs form in the same way in Draco and Ursa Minor as in globular clusters. This favours the conclusion that Draco and Ursa Minor are truly 'fossil' galaxies, where star formation ceased completely more than 8 billion years ago.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, MNRAS, in pres

Elementy nowego podejścia do ochrony konsumenta na jednolitym rynku ubezpieczeniowym UE

Financial consumer protection has become in the aftermath of a global financial crisis a target of numerous regulatory initiatives and an object of an increased academic penetration. We are witnessing a sharp redefinition of the type and scope of financial consumer protection model, applied supervisory models as well as institutional arragement. This is by far and large a result of an overall change in the regulatory supervisory paradigm of the financial markets. The paper reviews principal elements of the new global financial consumer protection model and illustrates its implementation in the single insurance market of the EU. It indicates dramatic changes in this regard and departure from point of sale to the whole life cycle approach.Wskutek globalnego kryzysu finansowego, ochrona konsumentów usług finansowych stała się celem szeregu inicjatyw regulacyjnych oraz obiektem zwiększonej penetracji badań naukowych. Aktualnie jesteśmy świadkami całkowitego przedefiniowania rodzajów i zakresu modelu ochrony konsumentów usług finansowych, stosowanych modeli nadzorczych, jak również porządku (układu) instytucjonalnego. Dzieje się tak w znacznym stopniu za sprawą ogólnej zmiany w paradygmacie nadzoru publicznego na rynkach finansowych. Artykuł stanowi przegląd podstawowych elementów nowego globalnego modelu ochrony konsumentów usług finansowych oraz prezentuje jego implementację na jednolitym rynku ubezpieczeniowym UE. Wskazuje ogromne zmiany, jakie zachodzą w tym względzie oraz ilustruje odejście od koncentracji na sprzedaży produktu, na rzecz podejścia holistycznego, opartego na całym cyklu życia produktu